2007
Temperature Measurement and Building Envelope Inspections
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Temperature measurement is recognized in many thermographic applications as a means for gauging the severity of exceptions. For infrared inspections of building envelopes, temperature measurement is frequently of little or no value and may serve to underestimate the severity of certain conditions.
Infrared inspections can be used to detect a wide variety of problems in building envelopes. These conditions include, but are not limited to: air leakage, missing or damaged insulation, latent moisture, and pest infestation. Since thermographic detection of these conditions is qualitative, temperature measurement is not required. In fact, there is no reliable means for correlating temperature with the severity of the aforementioned deficiencies. For conditions such as latent moisture, there is no acceptable temperature limit or differential.
Although temperature measurements are frequently meaningless for building envelope inspections, many thermographers routinely include them in their reports. Unfortunately, this practice can create unnecessary liability for a thermographer and damage his/her reputation if their work product is ever questioned or compared to published standards or accepted industry practice. Presently, published thermography standards and accepted industry practice do not incorporate temperature measurement into building envelope inspections.
When faced with situations where temperature measurement can be useful, thermographers should take steps to ensure the accuracy of their measurements. For non-contact temperature measurements, minimum considerations should include equipment calibration, spot measurement size, target emittance, as well as local weather and site conditions.
Infrared inspections of building envelopes is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information including course locations and dates, visit Infraspection Institute online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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Insect Safety Tip
Tip provided by: Conoco Phillips
For many, it’s that time of year again when nature’s little wonders come out and remind us that we need to be a proactive in reducing our exposure to the flying and crawling types of hazards. In this Tip, we offer suggestions for dealing with mosquitoes, ticks, and bees.
Mosquitoes – Nationwide there are more than 60 different kinds of mosquitoes some of which are capable of spreading disease. Mosquito larvae can develop in both tidal and fresh water locations; the key to minimizing their population is to reduce the availability of standing/stagnant water. Treat, remove or drain “water collectors” such as cans, discarded tires, etc. A single discarded tire can produce tens of thousands of mosquitoes over the course of a season! An insect repellant can help protect you from bites.
Ticks – Ticks like to rest on low-lying brush and “catch a ride” on a passersby. Areas prone to tick infestation are wooded areas and low-growing grasslands. The best way to reduce your risk of tick-bites is to avoid infested areas. When venturing into tick prone areas, stay in the center of paths, avoid sitting on the ground, and conduct frequent tick-checks. Dress properly by wearing a long-sleeved shirt and long pants, tucking your shirt into your pants and your pants into your socks. This reduces the skin area exposed to ticks and thwarts their efforts to crawl onto your skin. Again, an insect repellant can help protect you.
Bees – Keep a lookout for nests and the activity associated with them especially when opening cabinets or enclosures where bees might nest. For small nests or individual bees, knock down sprays may be effective. For large nests or colonies, contact a professional to have them removed.
Medical Attention – Be alert for signs of an allergic reaction to insect bites or stings. Non-emergency symptoms vary according to the type of insect and the individual. Most people have localized pain, redness, swelling, or itching. Signs of severe reaction which require immediate medical attention include trouble breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, weakness, swelling anywhere on the face and a tightening throat. In such cases, seek medical treatment immediately!
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IR Inspections and Using Google Earth
Tip provided by: Brady Infrared
Google Earth (GE) has revolutionized the search engine process for finding properties throughout the entire US and world. Built upon a platform of aerial photographs, one can view color images of almost any location they desire. The “fly-over” date will tell how old an image is, but in most cases you can find what you are looking for. Also, the amount of overlap between aerial images as well as the altitude of the “fly-over” will dictate the resolution of a particular area viewed.
We have found GE to be a valuable tool for infrared roof inspections. We use the measuring tool to get remarkably accurate estimates of roof sizes to provide pricing to our clients. The measuring tool can be found in the drop-down menu once an image is displayed. By dragging the straight measuring line on top of the roof image, feet or meter values can be obtained.
We have also used GE to provide base maps that are taken out into the field. The roof image can be printed directly from GE or you can save the image as a .jpeg to your favorite draw program. Ours happens to be
PowerPoint. Information we enter on these maps includes, infrared and visual image numbers, core/moisture probe locations and results, and other general observations about the roof.
Our saved .jpeg roof images are also used to generate roof drawings for final reports. The .jpeg image is imported into PowerPoint and then used as a tracing guide in concert with the multiple line tool to draw the outline of the roof. Our final thermogram page has a color infrared and visual photograph, the location of thermal anomalies, and a “look direction” arrow of the infrared image on the roof drawing. If multiple thermograms are required for a job, PowerPoint allows a slide to be copied and then edited as needed.
In short, GE has saved us time by reducing the number of pre-job inspections we would normally perform to measure out and get a general feel for a roof. It has also saved us time in the field when measuring and drawing roof footprints. Finally, it has provided an excellent resource for generating professional documents for final reports.
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Insuring Equipment In Transit
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Shipping infrared equipment is a frequent necessity for thermographers. Taking the time to make certain that equipment is adequately insured can help prevent bigger problems in the event of loss or damage.
Many companies insure their infrared equipment to guard against loss or damage while the equipment is in use or transit by company employees. Typically referred to as Inland Marine or Scheduled Equipment, this coverage is generally purchased in addition to the contents portion of a company’s general insurance policy. In order to be covered, equipment must be specifically identified by make, model, serial number and value.
For those who find it necessary to ship equipment via a third party or common carrier, purchasing additional coverage known as ‘Goods in Transit’ may be a smart move. While many shipping companies offer options for ‘insurance’, such coverage is often quite limited and may be insufficient to properly guard against loss. In addition to providing better coverage, a Goods in Transit policy is usually less expensive than insurance offered by freight or parcel carriers.
Regardless of how you insure your equipment, be certain to review your policy with your insurance professional and understand exactly what is covered. Lastly, always make certain that equipment is covered for replacement cost rather than ‘Fair Market Value’.
Care and use of infrared equipment is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer training course. For more information including course locations and dates, visit us online at infraspection.com.
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IR Inspections and Mold Safety
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
The past few years have seen a marked increase in the use of thermography to help detect the presence of mold. When working near mold, thermographers should be aware of the health risks associated with it and take appropriate safety precautions.
Molds are microscopic organisms found everywhere in the environment, indoors and outdoors. When present in large quantities, molds have the potential to cause adverse health effects. Such effects include: sneezing, cough and congestion, runny nose, aggravation of asthma, eye irritation and skin rash. People at greatest risk of adverse health effects are individuals with allergies, asthma, sinusitis, or other lung diseases and those with a weakened immune system.
Mold growth is common on organic building materials that have been wet for sufficient periods of time. Wetting can be the result of structural leaks, high relative humidity, or flooding. When present, mold can appear as discolored areas, woolly mats or a slimy film. Mold is often accompanied by a foul, musty, or earthy smell.
When working near mold, thermographers should keep the following in mind:
- Hand, eye and respiratory protection should always be worn
- Care should be taken not to disturb suspect mold areas
- Tools or clothing that contact mold should be isolated and properly sanitized to avoid contamination of clean areas
- Persons accidentally contacting contaminated areas should immediately wash with soap and water
Lastly, mold can only be positively identified through proper laboratory analysis. Whenever mold presence is suspected, verification testing should be performed by a qualified mold professional.
Detecting latent moisture within structures is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer training course. For more information including course locations and dates, visit Infraspection Institute online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
For more information on mold or to locate a qualified mold professional, visit the National Organization of Remediators and Mold Inspectors.
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IR Inspections During Motor Rebuilding
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Thermography can be a valuable tool for testing and monitoring in-service motors. It can also be a useful tool for detecting hidden problems within motors that are being rebuilt.
Electric motors are a vital component in most industrial facilities. In the event of catastrophic failure, facility managers often elect to rebuild large or special motors. In order to maximize the service life of a remanufactured motor, it is imperative to diagnose and correct faults during the rebuilding process since unresolved defects may shorten the life of a rebuilt motor.
For motor testing, infrared imaging may be conducted by staff thermographers employed by a motor shop or an experienced third party working at the shop. During the rebuilding process, infrared imaging may be used to diagnose problems on incoming motors and to perform quality assurance checks during the rebuilding process.
Upon arrival at the repair facility, a motor is disassembled and the rotor and stator are stripped of their coils. A high current test set is then used to excite the subject components. During excitation a thermal imager is utilized to identify thermal anomalies that are the result of short circuits and/or faulty wiring. These areas are marked so that technicians can make appropriate repairs.
Once the cause of thermal anomalies has been corrected, the rebuilding process will continue. Thermal imaging can be applied incrementally during the rebuilding process to help detect improper wiring or loose connections.
Infrared inspection of electric motors is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or course locations and dates, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
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Protecting Yourself from Hydrogen Sulfide
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Petrochemical refineries provide many opportunities for the application thermography. At the same time, they also provide unique safety challenges. In this Tip we discuss safety issues when working around hydrogen sulfide.
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable, extremely hazardous gas with a “rotten egg” smell. It occurs naturally in crude petroleum and natural gas, and can be produced by the breakdown of organic matter and human/animal wastes such as sewage. Large quantities of hydrogen sulfide are often produced in refineries. Unintended leaks can allow hydrogen sulfide to collect in low-lying and poorly ventilated areas such as basements, manholes, sewer lines and underground telephone/electrical vaults.
Hydrogen sulfide can be smelled at low levels, but with continuous low level exposure or at higher concentrations you lose your ability to smell the gas even though it is still present. At high concentrations one’s ability to smell the gas can be lost instantly. NEVER depend on your sense of smell for indicating the continuing presence of this gas or for warning of hazardous concentrations.
The health effects associated with exposures to hydrogen sulfide vary with how long, and at what level, you are exposed. Asthmatics may be at greater risk. At low concentrations, hydrogen sulfide can cause irritation of eyes, nose, throat, or respiratory system. At high concentrations, shock, convulsions, coma, and death are possible; in some cases the effects can occur within a few breaths.
Before entering areas with possible hydrogen sulfide, the air should be tested for the presence and concentration of hydrogen sulfide by a qualified person using appropriate test equipment. Testing should also be performed to determine if fire/explosion precautions are necessary. If hydrogen sulfide or hazardous gasses are present, the space should be ventilated until acceptable limits are achieved. In some cases, continuous monitoring of the work area may be required.
Thermographer safety is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information including course locations and dates, visit Infraspection Institute online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
For more complete information on workplace safety, visit the OSHA Website.
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Protecting Yourself from Hydrogen Sulfide
Tip submitted by: Mike Sharlon, President Thermasearch, Inc.
Infrared inspections of live transformers require line of sight access to the connections and windings. Removing covers on energized dry-type transformers can present shock and arc flash hazards. In this Tip, we discuss an alternative to removing covers for an infrared inspection.
Many small dry-type transformers feature removable steel covers that enclose electrical connections and windings. In general, there are two popular styles of front covers. The first style has a slit at the top right and top left edges of the cover. These slits require tilting the panel sideways to remove them. Attempting to remove such covers can lead to electrocution or arc flash since some transformers have energized connections just a few inches below the top lip of the cover.
To inspect transformers with this type of cover, leave the top right and top left bolts installed on the cover and remove the remaining bolts. Gently pull back the base of the cover a few inches and view the internals of the transformer with your imager from the bottom right and/or left corners. For most thermal imagers, this will be sufficient to detect thermal anomalies.
The second style of transformer cover does not have the slits that keep the cover from tipping out at the top. With this type of cover, leave the bottom bolts installed and gently tip the top of the cover out enough to inspect the windings and connections. Regardless of cover type, infrared imaging should only be performed once the cover has been opened and secured to permit a safe inspection.
Lastly, never remove the top cover to a live transformer! Depending on transformer design, this can cause internal components to shift and drop resulting in an arc flash. For transformers that require removal of the top cover in order to remove side covers, it is best to de-energize them for cover removal and replacement.
September 05, 2007
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Autumn IR Inspections to Assess Roof Condition
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
With much of the US experiencing record setting heat, it is hard to think about winter. For many, autumn provides a perfect opportunity to conduct infrared inspections of flat roofs to help ensure that they are ready for the upcoming colder months.
Summer can be especially tough on roofing systems. High temperatures, building movement, and UV radiation often cause cracks and splits in the waterproofing system. Left undetected, these cracks and splits can lead to roof leaks and premature roof failure. Performing an infrared roof inspection prior to the onset of colder weather can detect evidence of problems and help to direct repair efforts.
Performed under the proper conditions with the right equipment, an infrared inspection can detect evidence of latent moisture within the roofing system often before leaks become evident in the building. For many locations, autumn provides perfect conditions for conducting an infrared inspection and performing any necessary roof repairs.
The best candidates for infrared inspection are flat or low slope roofs where the insulation is located between the roof deck and the membrane and is in direct contact with the underside of the membrane. Applicable constructions are roofs with either smooth or gravel-surfaced, built-up or single-ply membranes. If gravel is present, it should be less than ½” in diameter and less than 1” thick.
For smooth-surfaced roofs, a short wave (2-5.6 µ) imager will provide more accurate results especially if the roof is painted with a reflective coating. All infrared data should be verified by a qualified roofing professional via core sampling or invasive moisture meter readings.
Infrared inspection of flat roofs and proper equipment selection are two of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to register for a course, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788..
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September 17, 2007
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Determining Acceptable Load for Electrical Circuits
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Infrared thermography is a useful tool for detecting heat patterns caused by overloaded electrical circuits. In this Tip we discuss what constitutes an acceptable load.
Infrared imagers are capable of detecting thermal patterns associated with several electrical deficiencies including overloaded circuits. When viewed with an imager, overloaded circuits will appear warm throughout their entire length with no discrete hot spots. Since it is not possible to determine circuit load from a thermal signature, actual circuit load must be measured with an ammeter.
Once circuit load is known, a question that frequently arises is, ‘How much load is acceptable?’ The answer to this question can be found within the National Electric Code 220-10(b) which provides guidance for circuit loading.
(b) Continuous and Noncontinuous loads. Where a feeder supplies a continuous load or any combination of continuous or noncontinuous loads, the rating of the over-current device shall not be less than the noncontinuous load plus 125 percent of the continuous load. The minimum feeder circuit conductor size, without the application of any adjustment or correction factors, shall have an allowable ampacity equal to or greater than the noncontinuous load plus 125 percent of the continuous load.
NOTE: Exception: Where the assembly including the over-current devices protecting the feeder(s) are listed for operation at 100 percent of their rating, neither the ampere rating of the over-current device nor the ampacity of the feeder conductors shall be less than the sum of the continuous load plus the noncontinuous load.
In other words, for most circuits load should not exceed 80% of conductor ampacity or 80% of the overcurrent device rating. To help ensure accuracy, electric loads should be measured with a true RMS sensing ammeter.
Infrared inspection of electrical equipment is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. This same subject is also the focus of our 16 hour application course, Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems. For more information or to register for a course, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
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September 17, 2007
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Using IR Inspections to Help Prepare for Heating Season
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
For many facilities the beginning of autumn means that heating season is just around the corner. Infrared inspections can help point out the types of energy liabilities that can account for significant waste.
With energy costs at an all time high, energy conservation is more important than ever. With companies looking for ways to contain costs, energy conservation makes sense. When properly conducted, infrared inspections can point out areas of thermal deficiencies or energy loss. When coupled with timely, effective repairs, considerable savings can be realized.
There are many areas where infrared inspections may be performed to help detect excess energy loss. Among the most common are:
- Building envelopes – for missing or damaged insulation and air leakage
- Flat roofs – to detect water damaged insulation
- Steam systems – to detect defective steam traps
- Underground piping – to detect pipe leaks
- Boilers and process equipment – to detect excess energy loss or air leaks
When it comes to the above inspections, time is of the essence in order to maximize savings. Infrared inspections should be carried out as soon as possible. Waiting until the heating season is well under way often results in documenting opportunity lost rather than savings realized.
Infrared inspection of building envelopes and thermal energy delivery systems are two of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. This same information is also covered in our Distance Learning Level I Thermography course. For more information or to register for a course, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
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October 03, 2007
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Change Routes with the Season
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
To everything there is a season. The same is true for infrared inspection routes within facilities where equipment or systems are operated seasonally.
Traditionally, many facilities perform infrared inspections on an annual basis. While this approach may detect deficiencies within operating systems, systems not under load due to seasonal or operational conditions cannot be effectively inspected.
Examples of seasonally operated equipment include heating/cooling systems, production machinery, and the electrical distribution system. Effective infrared inspections of seasonally operated equipment begin at the planning stages and should include the following:
- Develop an inventory list of equipment to be inspected
- Group seasonally operated equipment into dedicated routes
- Ascertain operating times for subject systems
- Schedule infrared inspections for the beginning of operating season
- Inspect subject systems while under normal load
Be certain to perform a follow up inspection for all detected exceptions once necessary repairs have been completed. As always, remember to observe all necessary safety precautions before, and during the infrared inspection.
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October 08, 2007
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Selecting and Using a Respirator
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Thermographers often work in environments that require the use of respiratory protection. In this Tip we discuss the selection and use of common respirator types.
A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful dusts, fumes, vapors, or gases. There are several types of respirators, each having a different intended application. Several types are listed below along with their applications.
Single-strap dust masks are usually not NIOSH-approved. They must not be used to protect from hazardous atmospheres. However, they may be useful in providing comfort from pollen or other allergens.
Approved filtering face pieces (dust masks) can be used for dust, mists, welding fumes, etc. They do not provide protection from gases or vapors. DO NOT USE FOR ASBESTOS OR LEAD; instead, select from the respirators below.
Half-face respirators can be used for protection against most vapors, acid gases, dust or welding fumes. Cartridges/filters must match contaminant(s) and be changed periodically.
Full-face respirators are more protective than half-face respirators. They can also be used for protection against most vapors, acid gases, dust or welding fumes. The face-shield protects face and eyes from irritants and contaminants. Cartridges/filters must match contaminant(s) and be changed periodically.
Loose-fitting powered-air-purifying respirators (PAPR) offer breathing comfort from a battery-powered fan which pulls air through filters and circulates air throughout helmet/hood. They can be worn by most workers who have beards. Cartridges/filters must match contaminant(s) and be changed periodically.
A Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is used for entry and escape from atmospheres that are considered immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) or oxygen deficient. They use their own air tank.
Respiratory protection must be worn whenever you are working in a hazardous atmosphere. The appropriate respirator will depend on the contaminant(s) to which you are exposed and the protection factor (PF) required. Required respirators must be NIOSH-approved and medical evaluation and training must be provided before use.
Thermographer safety is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to register for a course, visit Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.
For more complete information on workplace safety, visit the OSHA Website.
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October 15, 2007
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Air Travel with Your IR Imager – Part 2
Tip suggested by: Peter Plein, Certified Infrared, Inc.
To help ensure proper handling of their equipment, most thermographers who travel by air opt to hand carry their imagers. Proper planning and preparation can help avoid delays when passing through security checkpoints.
When traveling by air, hand carrying your imager is the best way to help ensure that it will arrive with you and in good working order. Fortunately, most modern infrared imagers are sufficiently small to be treated as carry-on luggage. When hand carrying your imager on aircraft, keep the following in mind:
- Ascertain the number of carry-on items that your chosen airline allows
- Ensure that your imager’s carrying case does not exceed maximum size for carry-on luggage
- Be certain that your imager case does not contain prohibited items such as tools, pocketknives, or liquids
- Check Customs regulations prior to international travel; some countries restrict import/export of infrared cameras and/or expensive test equipment
- Expect potential delays when passing through security checkpoints due to any additional screening that may be required
Lastly, be aware that contaminants from industrial environments can cause positive test results during explosives screening. Should your equipment test positive during screening, remain calm while security personnel sort things out. Since this can take some time, it is possible that you will miss your scheduled flight, particularly if you are on a tight schedule.
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October 22, 2007
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High E Targets for Measuring Component Temperatures
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Low emittance can introduce significant error when performing non-contact temperature measurements of electrical and mechanical system components. Affixing high emittance coupons to component surfaces can provide a solution.
Temperature measurements are often useful in assessing the condition of components and systems. Because many electrical and mechanical components are constructed of shiny metal, obtaining accurate infrared temperature values is often impossible. Affixing coupons of tape or paint with known emittance values is a proven method for increasing measurement accuracy.
There are a number of inexpensive materials that can be used to modify component surfaces. These include Scotch 191 PVC tape (E 0.97), and Wahl flat black paint (E 0.95). Affixing coupons of these materials to areas of interest provides a known emittance and ensures that future temperature measurements are made in the same spot.
Prior to modifying any surface, keep the following in mind:
- Always obtain permission to modify any component(s)
- Ascertain that subject surfaces are safe to touch
- Check target temperature to ensure modifying material will not melt or catch fire or damage the component
- When using tape, be sure to install without air gaps
- Ensure that coupon is sufficiently large for intended radiometer’s spot size
Lastly, contaminants from industrial environments can cause the emittance of modifying materials to change over time. If so, it may be necessary to reapply the modifying material periodically.
Infrared inspection of electrical and mechanical components is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or class locations and dates, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
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October 29, 2007
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Using and Caring for Lithium-ion Batteries
Tip suggested by: Randall D. Cain, American Water Company
Batteries are the lifeblood of portable electronics and thermal imagers are no exception. Understanding how to properly handle and care for modern batteries can prolong their life and prevent damage.
Most thermographers give little thought to equipment batteries until they go dead or fail. Without power, even the most sophisticated thermal imagers are useless. As thermal imagers have evolved, manufacturers have moved to take advantage of advancements in battery technology with many units now powered by Lithium-ion batteries.
Li-ion batteries offer several advantages over traditional batteries of the lead acid, nickel cadmium, or nickel metal hydride types. Primary advantages of Li-ion batteries are excellent energy-to-weight ratios, no memory effect, and a slow loss of charge when not in use.
Li-ion batteries must be handled more carefully than other battery types. Improper storage can shorten their life; improper handling can cause catastrophic failure including igniting or exploding. When handling Li-ion batteries, keep the following in mind:
- Only use Li-ion batteries in the equipment for which they are intended
- Unlike Ni-cad batteries, Li-ion batteries should be charged often and never depleted below their minimum voltage
- Always use the appropriate charger and never allow battery terminals to become short circuited
- For prolonged storage, the battery should be discharged to 40% and stored in a refrigerator
Lastly, avoid keeping or charging batteries in hot environments such as the closed interior of an automobile during the summer months. Many Li-ion battery packs contain protective circuits to guard against an over temperature condition. Should a battery become too hot, its protective circuit will open rendering the battery useless.
Care and usage of infrared test equipment is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information including course locations and dates, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
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November 11, 2007
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Autumn is the Time for Steam Trap Testing
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
With the onset of seasonably cooler weather, autumn is the time to prepare your steam system for the upcoming heating season. Testing your steam traps before the season begins can help to pinpoint costly leaks before the heating season begins.
Traditionally, two different non-destructive technologies have been employed to test steam systems – contact ultrasound and temperature measurement. Used individually, each of these techniques has limitations that can lead to false positive and/or false negative results. Combining temperature measurement with ultrasound can result in a highly accurate test method by following a few simple steps:
- Measure trap inlet to ensure that temperature is above 212º F. If trap inlet is below 212º F, ascertain why steam is not reaching trap
- Listen to the trap outlet with contact probe of ultrasonic unit. Continuous hissing or rushing sounds usually indicate a failed trap
- Ascertain that trap is cycling periodically. Frequent cycling may be caused by an undersized or worn trap
- Tag defective traps and document in written report
- Re-test defective traps after repair to ensure effectiveness of repair.
Always be sure to follow appropriate safety precautions especially when working with high pressure steam or when using ladders or lift equipment to access subject traps.
Infrared inspections of steam traps is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Distance Learning course, Level I Thermography. This same topic is also covered in our Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information, including course locations and dates, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
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November 13, 2007
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Autumn Driving Tips
Tip provided by: the South Dakota Safety Council
It’s that time of year when brightly colored trees remind us that Autumn is upon us. Taking a few precautions can help to make driving safer by addressing challenges unique to the fall season.
- Patches of fallen leaves can be just as treacherous as patches of ice. Fallen leaves retain large amounts of water and can create a slippery surface. Drive slowly through them and avoid hard or panic braking.
- Fall brings the first frost. Be aware of slippery conditions that occur with frost. At freezing or near freezing temperatures, the moisture on bridges and overpasses will become ice much more quickly than the approach roadway. The roadways hold heat and the bridges do not; you can go from wet roadway to ice in just a fraction of a second.
- Fall weather such as rain, fog, sleet and wet snow require full driver attention. Remember the “two-second rule” when following other drivers, and in severe weather increase your following distance. If you are being tailgated, let the other driver pass.
- Later sunrises and earlier sunsets can create sun glare. Be sure your windows are clean, inside and out, and have sunglasses handy. If you’re driving away from a low sun, glare will not be a problem for you, but it can be for the drivers approaching from the other direction. It may help to use your low beam headlights, allowing you to be seen more readily.
- In most areas, animal collisions are at their peak in the fall. Be on guard when traveling through areas where wildlife is likely to cross the road.
Common sense along with the basics of safe driving – always wearing a safety belt, driving alert and sober, and driving at safe and legal speeds – can help you travel safely in the fall.
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November 19, 2007
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Thanksgiving Safety Tip
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
When it comes to heat transfer and safety, thermographers traditionally think of the workplace. With the Thanksgiving holiday upon us, neither of these topics should be overlooked when it comes to preparing the holiday feast.
According to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 76 million Americans become ill each year as a result of foodborne pathogens. Of these, approximately 5,000 die. Proper hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the risk of food poisoning.
As part of their nationwide Be Food Safe public education campaign, the US Department of Agriculture offers four simple tips for safe food preparation:
Clean – Wash hands, surfaces and utensils often to avoid spreading bacteria when preparing food.
Separate – Use different cutting boards for raw meat, poultry, seafood and vegetables. Keep raw turkey away from vegetables and side dishes that won’t be cooked.
Cook – You can’t tell it’s done by how it looks! Use a food thermometer. Every part of the turkey should reach a minimum internal temperature of 165ºF.
Chill – Keep the refrigerator at 40ºF or below to keep bacteria from growing. Pumpkin pie should always be refrigerated and all food should be refrigerated within two hours.
If deep fried turkey is your preference, be sure to observe all safety precautions and never leave your fryer unattended. For more information on food safety, visit the US Department of Agriculture website.
From all of us at Infraspection Institute, Happy Thanksgiving to all of our readers and friends! May you enjoy a safe and happy holiday in the company of those you love.
~ Jim and Christopher Seffrin ~
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November 26, 2007
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Scaffold Safety – Part 1
For many thermographers, scaffolds provide a means for accessing remote areas and equipment. In this week’s Tip we cover safety tips applicable to these common workplace structures.
According to OSHA, supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support. The requirements for scaffolds are as follows:
- Guardrails or personal fall arrest systems for fall prevention/protection are required for workers on platforms 10 feet or higher
- Working platforms/decks must be planked close to the guardrails
- Planks are to be overlapped on a support at least 6 inches, but not more than 12 inches
- Legs, posts, frames, poles, and uprights must be on base plates and mud sills, or a firm foundation; and, be plumb and braced
Workers using scaffolds must be properly trained. Such training must include:
- The hazards of the type of scaffolding being used
- Maximum intended load capacity
- Recognizing and reporting defects
- Fall hazards
- Electrical hazards including overhead lines
- Falling object hazards
- Other hazards that may be encountered
Thermographer safety is one of the topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For information on thermographer training and certification, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
For more complete information on workplace safety, visit the OSHA website.
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December 04, 2007
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Scaffold Safety – Part 2
For many thermographers, scaffolds provide a means for accessing remote areas and equipment. In this week’s Tip we cover additional safety tips applicable to these common workplace structures.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommends that scaffolds and scaffold parts be inspected daily, before each work shift, and after any event that may have caused damage.
- Check to see if powerlines near scaffolds are de-energized or that the scaffolds are at least 10 feet away from energized power lines.
- Make sure that tools and materials are at least 10 feet away from energized powerlines.
- Verify that the scaffold is the correct type for the loads, materials, employees, and weather conditions.
- Check footings to see if they are level, sound, rigid, and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold.
- Check legs, posts, frames, and uprights to see if they are on baseplates and mudsills.
- Check metal components for bends, cracks, holes, rust, welding splatter, pits, broken welds, and non-compatible parts.
- Check for safe access. Do not use the crossbraces as a ladder for access or exit.
- Check wooden planks for cracks, splits greater than one-quarter (1/4) inch, end splits that are long, many large loose knots, warps greater than one-quarter (1/4) inch, boards and ends with gouges, mold, separated laminate(s), and grain sloping greater than 1 in 12 inches from the long edge and are scaffold grade lumber or equivalent.
- If the planks deflect one-sixtieth (1/60) of the span or 2 inches in a 10-foot wooden plank, the plank has been damaged and must not be used.
- Check to see if the planks are close together, with spaces no more than 1 inch around uprights.
- Check to see if 10-foot or shorter planks are 6 to 12 inches over the center line of the support, and that 10-foot or longer planks are no more than 18 inches over the end.
- Check to see if the platform is 14 inches or more away from the wall or 18 inches or less away if plastering or stucco.
- Check for guardrails and midrails on platforms where work is being done.
- Check for employees under the platform and provide falling object protection or barricade the area. Make sure that hard hats are worn.
- Use braces, tie-ins and guying as described by the scaffold’s manufacturer at each end, vertically and horizontally to prevent tipping.
Thermographer safety is one of the topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For information on thermographer training and certification, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
For more complete information on workplace safety, visit the OSHA website.
Visit Infraspection Institute Web Site
December 11, 2007
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Thermography as a Business Opportunity
Savvy business owners are always on the lookout for new business opportunities. Thermography can be a particularly good fit for building and home inspectors seeking to expand their services and generate new revenue.
The past few years have seen tremendous growth in the use of thermography for building inspections. Greater public awareness and lower equipment costs have induced many home and building inspectors, damage restoration specialists and pest management professionals to add thermography to their services.
The income potential for thermographers is significant. Depending upon services offered and rate structure, a single thermographer is capable of generating $250,000 per year in revenue. This potential can be influenced by a number of factors including one’s choice of infrared imaging equipment. Prior to purchasing equipment, one should keep the following in mind:
- Determine your firm’s capabilities with respect to expertise and manpower.
- Conduct a marketing study to determine what services you will offer. In particular, look for services that will repeat annually and/or provide the greatest revenue with the least amount of sales effort.
- Entry level equipment can limit one’s capabilities and revenue potential. Try to anticipate your equipment needs for at least three years and purchase accordingly.
Despite claims to the contrary, thermography is not a ‘point and shoot’ technology. In addition to thorough knowledge of the systems or structures being inspected, thermographers should be trained in infrared theory, heat transfer concepts, equipment operation and selection, current industry standards, and report generation. For those lacking experience, training should be completed prior to purchasing equipment.
Infrared inspection of buildings and their subsystems is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including course locations and dates, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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December 17, 2007
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Making Your Own Blackbody Simulator
Blackbody simulators are essential tools for checking the calibration of infrared imagers and radiometers. One alternative to purchasing a blackbody simulator is to make your own.
In order to provide accurate temperature values, infrared imagers and radiometers must be calibrated on a periodic basis. During the calibration process, blackbody simulators provide targets with a known temperature and a known emittance.
Thermographers wishing to perform a calibration check of their instruments may elect to purchase a blackbody simulator. Several models are commercially available with prices ranging up to several thousand dollars. As an alternative, thermographers may elect to make their own simulator from commonly available items. This may be accomplished as follows:
- Procure a 2 liter square metal can and a 60 Watt electric aquarium heater. Can opening must be large enough to allow heater to be inserted into can opening.
- Cover the exterior of the can with Scotch #191 PVC electrical tape.
- Fill the can with water to within 1” of the top and insert aquarium heater. Avoid causing can to overflow.
- Energize heater and set to desired temperature. Be certain to allow sufficient time for can temperature to stabilize.
When performing a calibration check of infrared equipment, set the subject radiometer’s emittance control to 0.97. Ascertain the can temperature using a thermocouple. Compare the two values and note any differences.
Lastly, be certain to work safely. In particular, avoid fully immersing any aquarium heater not designed for immersion. Be certain to disconnect the aquarium heater from its power source and allow it to cool prior to removing it from the can.
Equipment calibration is one of the many topics covered in the Level II Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including course locations and dates, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
