IRINFO - Tip of the Week Archive 2015 July-Dec

2015

July 06, 2015
Sponsored by: Testo

The Importance of Imager Frame Rate
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute

Experienced thermographers know that image clarity is one of the most important considerations in thermal imaging. For thermal imagers, imager frame rate is an important characteristic that can greatly influence image quality.

Frame rate or frequency describes the rate at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images or frames per unit of time. Until recently, most NTSC compatible thermal imagers produced 30 to 60 video frames per second. This frequency provided imagery that was considered ‘real-time’.

Thermal imagers that have real-time frame rates permit imaging of either slow moving targets or imaging of targets while the imager is in motion. Examples include infrared inspections where the imager is panned across the face of large targets such as buildings or where the imager is hand carried such as during walkover inspections of a flat roof.

For a variety of reasons, many modern imagers are now manufactured with frame rates of less than 30 frames per second. When using an imager that produces less than 30 frames per second, a thermographer will notice ‘ghost trails’ or image smearing should either the imager or target be in motion. This condition will worsen as lower frame rates are encountered.

Clear imagery is possible with imagers having a slow frame rate; however, both the target and imager must remain motionless in order to eliminate image smearing. For some imagers, it may take several seconds for the image to become clear. Because of this, slow frame rate imagers may not be suitable for inspecting expansive targets or targets that are constantly in motion.

Because frame rate cannot be changed for any imager, this feature must be considered at the time of imager selection and/or purchase. Prior to purchasing any new thermal imager, be certain to try the equipment under the same conditions that you will likely encounter in the future to ensure that the frame rate is adequate.

Equipment selection and use are two of the many topics covered in the
Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including course locations and dates, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.

July 13, 2015
Sponsored by: Testo

Asphalt or Coal Tar – How to Tell the Difference

When performing an infrared inspection of low slope roofing systems, invasive testing is necessary to confirm the composition and condition of roofing system components. As asphalt and coal tar are incompatible materials, it is imperative to use the correct bitumen to ensure the long term integrity of repaired test sites.

Asphalt and coal tar are hydrocarbon materials commonly used for built-up roofing. While both share a common use in roofing, they are very different in their chemical composition. Asphalt is a petroleum distillate and a byproduct of crude oil refining. Coal tar is a bituminous product that is largely insoluble in petroleum distillates.

Odor is one way to differentiate between asphalt and coal tar – tar has a distinctive creosote smell. A more reliable method is to test bitumen solubility in mineral spirits. This simple test can be performed as follows:

Obtain a small sample (pea size nugget) from the subject roof
Soak sample in a small amount of mineral spirits in an empty glass container such as a baby food jar
Stir sample gently for about one minute and note results

If sample dissolves to black liquid – sample is asphalt; if sample remains intact and/or colors mineral spirits to a yellow/green color, sample is coal tar.

Once bitumen type has been determined, one should use appropriate repair materials along with the same bitumen as indicated by the above test. Doing so will help to ensure the long term integrity of repaired test sites.

Infrared inspection of flat roofs is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Level I training courses. For more information on thermographer training or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspections of Insulated Roofs, visit Infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.

July 20, 2015
Sponsored by: Testo

How to Survive a Shrinking Maintenance Budget

Maintenance departments face many challenges. One of the toughest challenges is securing adequate funding when money is tight. In this Tip, we discuss several ways to make sure you get the biggest bang for your maintenance buck.

Companies are always on the lookout for ways to improve the bottom line. Reducing costs during an economic downturn has a long history; however, one must be careful which costs are reduced. Those who do not appreciate the value of a maintenance program often seek to reduce expenditures by indiscriminately slashing the company’s maintenance budget.

A directive to reduce maintenance costs need not spell disaster. In fact, it can provide an opportunity to improve program performance by reviewing how maintenance dollars are spent and the value provided by various activities. When times are lean, the following areas can provide opportunities for improvement.

Review maintenance procedures for effectiveness and eliminate outdated practices
Utilize predictive and condition based monitoring tools to work smarter, not harder
Focus on training to ensure that employees have knowledge and skills to work efficiently
Make certain that maintenance expenditures are charged to appropriate business units

Lastly, be certain to communicate the function and importance of maintenance and to all parties involved. Bad times are always followed by better times and it is important to ensure that companies emerge with a strong infrastructure, a solid workforce, and a reputation for delivering quality products or services intact.

Designing and maintaining an effective infrared inspection program is one of several best practices covered in the Infraspection Institute Level III Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information, including course locations and dates, please call 609-239-4788 or visit www.infraspection.com.

Additional articles on this subject are available from Maintenance Technology Magazine.

How to Cut Your Maintenance Budget (Without Cutting Your Throat)
A Survival Guide for Impending Cost Reduction

July 27, 2015
Sponsored by: Testo

Scaffold Safety – Part 1

For many thermographers, scaffolds provide a means for accessing remote areas and equipment. In this week’s Tip we cover safety tips applicable to these common workplace structures.

According to OSHA, supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support. The requirements for scaffolds are as follows:

Guardrails or personal fall arrest systems for fall prevention/protection are required for workers on platforms 10 feet or higher
Working platforms/decks must be planked close to the guardrails
Planks are to be overlapped on a support at least 6 inches, but not more than 12 inches
Legs, posts, frames, poles, and uprights must be on base plates and mud sills, or a firm foundation; and, be plumb and braced

Workers using scaffolds must be properly trained. Such training must include:

The hazards of the type of scaffolding being used
Maximum intended load capacity
Recognizing and reporting defects
Fall hazards
Electrical hazards including overhead lines
Falling object hazards
Other hazards that may be encountered

Thermographer safety is one of the topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For information on thermographer training and certification, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.

For more complete information on workplace safety, visit the OSHA website.

Visit Infraspection Institute Web Site

August 03, 2015
Sponsored by: FLIR

Scaffold Safety – Part 2

For many thermographers, scaffolds provide a means for accessing remote areas and equipment. In this week’s Tip we cover additional safety tips applicable to these common workplace structures.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommends that scaffolds and scaffold parts be inspected daily, before each work shift, and after any event that may have caused damage.

Check to see if powerlines near scaffolds are de-energized or that the scaffolds are at least 10 feet away from energized power lines.
Make sure that tools and materials are at least 10 feet away from energized powerlines.
Verify that the scaffold is the correct type for the loads, materials, employees, and weather conditions.
Check footings to see if they are level, sound, rigid, and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold.
Check legs, posts, frames, and uprights to see if they are on baseplates and mudsills.
Check metal components for bends, cracks, holes, rust, welding splatter, pits, broken welds, and non-compatible parts.
Check for safe access. Do not use the crossbraces as a ladder for access or exit.
Check wooden planks for cracks, splits greater than one-quarter (1/4) inch, end splits that are long, many large loose knots, warps greater than one-quarter (1/4) inch, boards and ends with gouges, mold, separated laminate(s), and grain sloping greater than 1 in 12 inches from the long edge and are scaffold grade lumber or equivalent.
If the planks deflect one-sixtieth (1/60) of the span or 2 inches in a 10-foot wooden plank, the plank has been damaged and must not be used.
Check to see if the planks are close together, with spaces no more than 1 inch around uprights.
Check to see if 10-foot or shorter planks are 6 to 12 inches over the center line of the support, and that 10-foot or longer planks are no more than 18 inches over the end.
Check to see if the platform is 14 inches or more away from the wall or 18 inches or less away if plastering or stucco.
Check for guardrails and midrails on platforms where work is being done.
Check for employees under the platform and provide falling object protection or barricade the area. Make sure that hard hats are worn.
Use braces, tie-ins and guying as described by the scaffold’s manufacturer at each end, vertically and horizontally to prevent tipping.

For more complete information on workplace safety, visit the OSHA website.

Visit Infraspection Institute Web Site

August 10, 2015
Sponsored by: FLIR

High E Targets for Measuring Component Temperatures
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute

Low emittance can introduce significant error when performing non-contact temperature measurements of electrical and mechanical system components. Affixing high emittance coupons to component surfaces can provide a solution.

Temperature measurements are often useful in assessing the condition of components and systems. Because many electrical and mechanical components are constructed of shiny metal, obtaining accurate infrared temperature values is often impossible. Affixing coupons of tape or paint with known emittance values is a proven method for increasing measurement accuracy.

There are a number of inexpensive materials that can be used to modify component surfaces. These include Scotch 191 PVC tape (E 0.97), and Wahl flat black paint (E 0.95). Affixing coupons of these materials to areas of interest provides a known emittance and ensures that future temperature measurements are made in the same spot.

Prior to modifying any surface, keep the following in mind:

Always obtain permission to modify any component(s)
Ascertain that subject surfaces are safe to touch
Check target temperature to ensure modifying material will not melt or catch fire or damage the component
When using tape, be sure to install without air gaps
Ensure that coupon is sufficiently large for intended radiometer’s spot size

Lastly, contaminants from industrial environments can cause the emittance of modifying materials to change over time. If so, it may be necessary to reapply the modifying material periodically.

Infrared inspection of electrical and mechanical components is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or class locations and dates, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.

August 17, 2015
Sponsored by: FLIR

Detecting Underground Pipe Leaks

Leaks are a common problem with underground piping systems. Under the correct conditions, infrared thermography can help to detect evidence of leaks from buried piping systems that carry hot or cold product.

When a leak develops in a buried piping system, fluid is lost to the surrounding earth. If a leak from a heated or cooled piping system is sufficiently large, a temperature change will occur at the surface of the ground in the vicinity of the pipe leak.

Leaks from buried piping are generally characterized by amorphously shaped thermal anomalies that appear along the pathway of the subject piping system. The ability to detect a pipe leak will be influenced by several interdependent factors including, but not limited to: pipe operating temperature, pipe system construction, burial depth, amount of loss, soil type and moisture content, and ground cover.

Infrared inspections of buried piping systems are best performed late at night with calm wind conditions. Inspections may be performed on foot, from a motor vehicle or from an aircraft. Performing the inspection late at night will eliminate the effects of solar loading and solar reflection.

During the inspection, the thermal imager is maneuvered over the pathway of the pipeline. Well-defined straight lines that correspond to the location of the buried lines generally indicate a healthy piping system. Amorphously shaped thermal anomalies that cannot be explained in terms of piping system construction or features may be indicative of pipe leaks and should be marked and subsequently investigated for cause.

Infrared inspection of underground piping systems of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Level I training courses. For class locations and dates or information on our convenient, Distance Learning courses, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.

August 24, 2015
Sponsored by: FLIR

Potentially Lethal Hotspots

Thermography is a proven technology for finding many types of defects within electrical systems. While infrared inspections can assist in PdM efforts, they can also point out a potentially lethal condition that can lead to electrocution and death.

Many AC electrical devices are wired with a grounding conductor. Ungrounded metallic structures and devices can become unintentionally energized if a bare circuit conductor makes contact with the subject structure. In ungrounded structures, improper wiring or defective/deteriorated insulation can allow the structure to become energized up to full circuit voltage. In such cases, anyone touching the energized structure may be electrocuted or fatally injured. One such fatality occurred in May, 2003 when a nine year-old boy made contact with an energized light pole in Columbus, Ohio.

On at least three separate occasions in 2003, thermographers have found evidence of energized structures with a thermal imager. All three findings involved outdoor metal light poles which exhibited inexplicable hotspots where the pole was bolted to the concrete footing. In the Columbus case, a nearby steel fence post also exhibited an inexplicably hot base where bolted to the concrete sidewalk.

For reference we have included thermal images of one of the aforementioned light poles. We urge thermographers to be on the lookout for this potentially lethal thermal anomaly and to immediately notify appropriate personnel should you detect evidence of this condition in the future.

TOW-03082014
Thermal images show base of metallic light pole operating in excess of 180ºF due to ground fault condition.

Infrared inspection of electrical systems is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or class locations or our Distance Learning program, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.

August 31, 2015
Sponsored by: FLIR

Measuring Motor Temperatures
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute

Temperature can be an indicator of the condition of installed electric motors; however, the best location for measuring temperature is often debated. In this Tip we discuss the best location for measuring motor temperatures.

Measuring motor temperature is often a challenge since electric motors differ widely in their design and construction. While many have suggested measuring the motor casing along the stator, this method does not work well for motors that are fan cooled or exposed to external air currents. For uncooled motors, this approach can produce varying temperature values depending upon the location of the subject temperature readings.

In 1997, a research project led by Infraspection Institute utilized instrumented motors in a controlled environment to determine the effect of excess force on installed motors. One of the primary goals of this research was to identify a location for collecting reliable temperature data.

From our research it was found that measuring the exterior of the motor bellhousing within 1” of the output driveshaft consistently produced temperatures that were within 1 to 2 C of the motor windings and the output side bearing assembly. Temperatures taken at the bellhousing were especially useful for fan cooled motors since this area was unaffected by convective cooling from the fan.

When measuring motor temperatures, keep the following in mind:

Make certain that all thermometers are within calibration and used properly
Motor temperature will vary with load and ambient temperature. Be certain to record both with along motor temperature
Elevated temperatures can be caused by electrical or mechanical defects within the motor and/or defective installations
Motors with elevated temperature should be further investigated for cause and repaired or replaced accordingly

Temperature limits and trending of are two of the many topics covered in the Level II Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information on upcoming classes or to obtain a copy of our Cross Technologies Study, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.

September 07, 2015
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Renting a Thermal Imager

Whether you are facing an equipment shortage or looking to evaluate the characteristics of a new imager prior to purchase, renting a thermal imager may provide a solution. As with purchasing an imager, there are several important things to consider when arranging for a rental unit.

To help ensure that you select an appropriate imager for rental, be certain to:

Identify appropriate spectral response required for project
Determine if temperature measurement is required
Evaluate the system for objective specifications
Ascertain imager compatibility with reporting software

When arranging for a rental, obtain terms and conditions from the rental agency. These should include, but not be limited to: rental period, extension of rental, shipping costs, and requirements for insurance against loss. One should also consider the rental agency’s ability to provide technical support during the rental period.

For more information on specifying an infrared imager, refer to the article, “Selecting, Specifying, and Purchasing a Thermal Imager” which may be found on this website here.

Lastly, the greatest limiting factor in any infrared inspection is the thermographer. To help ensure accurate results, infrared inspections should only be performed by properly trained and experienced thermographers. For more information on thermographer training, call 609-239-4788 or visit Infraspection Institute online.

September 14, 2015
Sponsored by:

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School’s Open – Drive Carefully
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute

For many areas, September is a month of transition – cooler weather, leaves turning color, and children returning to school. In this Tip we offer some advice for keeping school students safe.

Over 56 million students are projected to be enrolled in U.S. schools this fall; over 70 percent will be under 15 years old. According to the National Highway Traffic Administration, one-fifth of all children 14 years of age and younger who die in motor vehicle crashes are pedestrians. On average, one pedestrian is killed in the United States every two hours.

Morning can be a dangerous time for children, as they travel to the bus stop, ride their bike to school or walk along their routine path. Afternoon introduces additional risks as the ring of the final bell marks the sound of freedom for school-age children. Unfortunately, children are often distracted by thoughts of playtime or are unable to accurately judge traffic situations while on their journey home.
Keeping the following in mind can help protect everyone’s safety:

Slow down in or near school and residential areas.
Drive with your headlights on – even during the day – so children and other drivers can see you.
Look for clues such as School Safety Patrols, Adult Crossing Guards, bicycles, and playgrounds, which indicate children could be in the area.
Always stop for school buses that are loading/unloading students.
Limit distractions such as cell phones, CD players or other devices that cause you to take your eyes off the road.
Practice extra caution in adverse weather conditions.
Pay particular attention near schools during the morning and afternoon hours.
Scan between parked cars and other objects for signs that children could dart into the road.

Remember, school’s open – drive carefully. You can make a difference just by staying alert and taking the extra care while driving where children are present. For more info on driving safety, contact the Mid-Atlantic AAA.

Visit Infraspection Institute Web Site

September 21, 2015
Sponsored by:

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Infrared Inspections of Retrofitted Roofs

If your roof has been retrofitted with a new roof installed over an existing one, it is imperative that you test the roofing system for water infiltration at least annually. With limited opportunity for egress, water entering the upper roof of a retrofitted system can cause widespread damage in a very short period of time. To make matters worse, there is usually no visual evidence of this type of a leak from inside of the building.

Performed in conjunction with regular visual inspections of your roof, infrared inspections of low slope roofs are a very cost effective way of tracking the overall health of your facility’s roofing system. Locating leaking areas while they are small allows them to be addressed before they can spread. Additionally, moisture trapped within a roofing system almost never dries out and can cause premature failure of the roofing membrane, adhesives, fasteners, and the roof deck.

Whether you choose to have an in-house thermography team or an outside contractor perform the inspection, make certain that the Thermographer is both Certified and experienced. Since an infrared imager cannot confirm moisture presence, all infrared data must be verified by invasive testing as well.

Infrared inspection of flat roofs is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to register for a course, visit Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.

Visit Infraspection Institute Web Site

September 28, 2015
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Using Floor Plans to Identify Locations

In a recent Tip of the Week, we suggested using architectural drawings to supplement, or as a substitute for, thermograms for large structures. Structural blueprints can also be used to reference locations when performing infrared inspections of large physical structures.

Within the blueprint set for any large structure are individual floor plans which usually indicate the location of structural columns. Floor plan drawings are customarily laid out with column rows indicated by letters on one axis and numbers on the other. Using a combination of letters and numbers (A1, B1, etc.) to designate columns enables one to universally reference locations within a structure.

Because columns are permanent, their designations will not change over time and will not be affected by changes in structure usage such as floor layout or office location. When utilizing column line drawings to document your infrared inspection, keep the following in mind:

Prior to the infrared inspection, obtain drawings with sufficient detail
Verify accuracy of drawings with the subject structure
Obtain a separate plan for each subject floor

During the inspection, mark the location of exceptions directly on drawings along with thermogram numbers, where appropriate

Whenever possible, obtain extra sets of drawings to be used as file copies or for field use. When utilized properly, floor plan drawings can serve as valuable reference tools enabling everyone to “speak the same language” when it comes to properly referencing locations.

Infrared inspections of building envelopes is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Building Envelopes, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.

October 05, 2015
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Using an Isotherm Feature

The more things change, the more they remain the same. This timeless observation is especially true when referring to the isotherm feature found on today’s modern thermal imagers.

The isotherm feature found on modern thermal imagers is somewhat of a relic having been around for over 25 years. In simple terms, an isotherm feature allows a thermographer to visually highlight areas exhibiting a similar apparent temperature on the imager’s monitor screen.

Originally designed for the monochrome imagers of the 1970’s, an isotherm is a user-definable, high-contrast overlay generated by an imager’s on-board computer or within image processing software. Prior to the advent of imagers with multi-color displays, the isotherm feature was a necessity for defining areas exhibiting similar temperatures. For other imagers, it was a requisite part of measuring temperature.

With modern thermal imagers capable of providing multi-color imagery and direct temperature measurement, it would seem that the isotherm is a feature due for extinction. There are, however, several instances where an isotherm may still be useful. Among these are:

The ability to define areas operating within a defined temperature range
A preset temperature alarm that automatically appears when an object exceeds user-defined temperature limits
A highlight color that defines hot/cold areas on monochrome images

One should be aware that accurate use of an isotherm is dependent upon proper use of the imager. When using an isotherm, one should practice proper measurement techniques giving particular consideration to viewing angle, spot measurement size and emissivity settings.

Infrared equipment selection and operation are two of the many topics covered in all Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. Level I training is available at several locations each month and through our Distance Learning Program. For information on thermographer training including course locations and dates, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.

October 12, 2015
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Splash Protection for Your IR Imager

Taking your infrared imager into dusty or wet environments can have disastrous consequences for your imager. While it is best to wait for such conditions to subside, you can use a polyethylene sheet or trash bag to temporarily protect your imager and accomplish a qualitative inspection.

Since not all imagers and trash bags are created equal, you can follow the following steps to ensure good results.

Set up imager looking at thermally stable target with a high emittance. If using an imaging radiometer, note the apparent temperature of the target.
Select a clean, unused, polyethylene trash bag with a uniform thickness.
Open trash bag and place over imager. Use only a single layer of the bag plastic to cover the lens.
Use a rubber band to keep plastic smooth and wrinkle free over the imager lens.
Image target in Step 1 again and note image quality and apparent temperature.
Repeat above steps using different brand bags and thicknesses until you find a bag that gives minimal attenuation of image and apparent temperature.
After selecting the bag that works, trim to fit imager so as to prevent a tripping hazard. If your imager requires air cooling, leave the bottom of the bag open so the imager can ‘breathe’.
When finished imaging, remove bag from imager and discard.

While not glamorous, this procedure can allow you to successfully perform a qualitative inspection in an environment that might otherwise harm your imager.

October 19, 2015
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Safety Standards for Thermography

Although thermography has gained wide acceptance for use in P/PM, Condition Monitoring and Forensics, thermographers often are unaware of the existence of published safety standards regarding infrared inspections.

The following is a partial list of currently distributed safety standards along with the organizations who publish them. Contact these organizations directly to obtain copies.

National Fire Protection Association, Quincy MA

NFPA 70E Standard For Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee
Workplaces

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

29 CFR Part 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General
Industry

29 CFR Part 1926 Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General
Construction

It should be noted that many workers (miners, transportation, many federal workers) are exempt from OSHA standards; however, there are often agencies similar to OSHA who publish applicable standards for these workers.

Infrared Inspections are often performed in hazardous environments. Safely conducting an infrared inspection should be of paramount importance for all involved. Prior to beginning an infrared inspection, a thermographer must be aware of which safety standards apply to his/her work.

The Infraspection Institute Level III Certified Infrared Thermographer covers thermographer safety and applicable standards in depth. For more information, contact Infraspection Institute at 609-239-4788 or online at www.infraspection.com.

October 26, 2015
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The Problem with Glass and Plastic

Glass viewing windows and plastic safety barriers are common features found on medium and high voltage electrical enclosures and devices. Although glass and many plastics are transparent in the visible spectrum, they are opaque in the infrared spectrum.

Because infrared equipment cannot accurately see through glass or plastics, infrared inspections must be conducted with these materials out of the line of sight of the infrared test equipment. When plastic barriers are present, try the following:

Shift your viewing angle to try to see around or behind the barrier
Have the qualified assistant temporarily remove the barrier observing proper safety precautions
If barrier is short and the subject device is connected to insulated conductors, image conductors and report any inexplicable temperature rise.

When safety glass view ports are encountered in switchgear enclosures, it will be necessary to have the qualified assistant open/remove the subject panels. If this cannot be done due to safety interlocks, other types of electrical testing should be performed during regularly-scheduled PM shutdowns. As always, any obstructed equipment or equipment not inspected should be noted as such in the final written report.

Infrared inspection of electrical equipment is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. This same subject is also the focus of our 16 hour application course, Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems. For more information or to register for a course, call us at 609-239-4788 or visit us online at infraspection.com.

November 02, 2015
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Pest Detection in Structures

Thermal imaging is one of the newest tools for the pest management professional. As with most applications, thermography for pest detection is not “simply point and shoot”.

Worldwide, pest management is a multi-billion dollar business annually. Traditionally, pest inspectors have relied on visual and physical inspections of structures and facilities when hunting for their quarry. Inspections were limited to locations accessible to the inspector and, in the absence of visual indications, could potentially miss infestations or prime conditions conducive to same.

As technology has progressed, pest inspectors have turned to additional forms of detection in the form of electronic sensors such as microwave and acoustic emission detectors. In the hands of a trained professional, these tools can greatly enhance an inspection; however, they are contact instruments and test data are limited to relatively small areas.

Thermal imaging provides an alternative to contact testing when evidence of pest infestation will cause a change in the surface temperature of the subject structure. For infestations that do not cause a change in surface temperature, it may be possible to employ active thermography to create a detectable Delta T by actively heating or cooling the subject structure or timing the inspection when an adequate Delta T is present.

For pest detection, successful application of thermal imaging requires a trained and experienced operator with knowledge of infrared theory and heat transfer, the structure being inspected, and the thermal signatures associated with likely pests or their activities. Most importantly, all thermal data should be verified by independent means.

IR Thermography for Integrated Pest Management Professionals may be taken as an open enrollment class or through our Distance Learning program. Both classes qualify students to take the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® exam. For more information or to register for a course, call us at 609-239-4788 or visit us online at infraspection.com.

November 11, 2015
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Thermal Imaging Basics

With tremendous emphasis placed upon the sophistication of today’s modern thermal imagers, it’s easy to forget the basics of thermal imaging. Regardless of imager age or sophistication, there are several basic concepts that can vastly increase the accuracy and success of an infrared inspection.

1. Select the proper spectral response imager for the application.

2. A clear line of sight to the target is required with no obstruction of the imager lens.

3. Imager optics must be clean and calibrated to the imager being used.

4. Target should be dry and at a stable temperature.

5. Imager focus is imperative to accurate diagnosis and temperature measurement. Be sure to focus imager and the viewfinder as well.

6. Knowing the construction, operation and characteristics of the system being inspected is vitally important to anticipating thermal patterns and performance.

7. Adverse atmospheric conditions such as wind, humidity, or solar reflection and solar loading should be avoided.

8. For electrical and mechanical equipment, the systems must be energized and under load; for structural inspections, a delta T of 10 C (18 F) is desired.

9. Discriminating small temperature differentials across targets with low emittance values can prove quite difficult.

10. Whenever safely possible, cross reference observed infrared temperature values with accurate contact temperature readings.

When performing any infrared inspection, be certain to take all necessary safety precautions and always work safely.

Infrared theory and imager operation are two of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information including course locations and dates, visit Infraspection Institute online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.

November 16, 2015
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Infrared Roof Inspections From Indoors?

Infrared inspections of flat roofs are a time-tested procedure for detecting evidence of subsurface moisture within a roofing system. Current standards specify infrared inspections be performed from the exterior of the building; however, infrared inspections may be performed from the interior of the building under certain conditions.

Thermography is a dynamic technology. New applications are constantly being developed and existing methodologies are constantly being improved. As an alternative to imaging from the exterior of the building, some have suggested inspecting the underside of the roof deck from the interior of the building

When selecting a vantage point for an infrared roof inspection, the most important consideration is roof construction. Commerical roofs constructed with relatively thin decks and no air spaces between system components may be inspected from either indoors or outdoors.

Prior to tackling an infrared roof inspection from the interior of the building, the following conditions must be met.

Roof surface should be clean and dry
Line of sight access to subject roof areas is required
Space beneath the roof deck should be uniform temperature
Viewing locations should be selected to eliminate interference from hot or cold objects such as HID lamps and HVAC equipment

Lastly, inspection must be timed to ensure adequate delta T exists between wet and dry insulation. Upon completion of infrared inspection, all data should be verified by invasive testing.

November 23, 2015
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Thanksgiving Safety Tip
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute

When it comes to heat transfer and safety, thermographers traditionally think of the workplace. With the Thanksgiving holiday upon us, neither of these topics should be overlooked when it comes to preparing the holiday feast.

According to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 76 million Americans become ill each year as a result of foodborne pathogens. Of these, approximately 5,000 die. Proper hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the risk of food poisoning.

As part of their nationwide Be Food Safe public education campaign, the US Department of Agriculture offers four simple tips for safe food preparation:

TOW_11_19_2007_wash_hands Clean – Wash hands, surfaces and utensils often to avoid spreading bacteria when preparing food.

TOW_11_19_2007_cuttingBoard Separate – Use different cutting boards for raw meat, poultry, seafood and vegetables. Keep raw turkey away from vegetables and side dishes that won’t be cooked.

TOW_11_19_2007_thermometer Cook – You can’t tell it’s done by how it looks! Use a food thermometer. Every part of the turkey should reach a minimum internal temperature of 165ºF.

TOW_11_19_2007_refrigerator Chill – Keep the refrigerator at 40ºF or below to keep bacteria from growing. Pumpkin pie should always be refrigerated and all food should be refrigerated within two hours.

If deep fried turkey is your preference, be sure to observe all safety precautions and never leave your fryer unattended. For more information on food safety, visit the US Department of Agriculture website.

From all of us at Infraspection Institute, Happy Thanksgiving to all of our readers and friends! May you enjoy a safe and happy holiday in the company of those you love.

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November 30, 2015
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Detecting Defective Lighting Ballasts

Lighting ballast failure may present more than an inconvenience; in some cases, it may present a fire hazard. Under the right conditions, an infrared imager may be used to detect overheated ballasts.

Lighting ballasts are dry-type transformers commonly found within fluorescent and HID light fixtures. Because ballasts are usually direct-mounted to the interior of the fixture casing, surfaces adjacent to ballasts frequently operate at nearly the same temperature. In the case of fluorescent fixtures, ballasts are usually in direct contact with the top surface of the fixture.

Properly functioning ballasts will operate up to several degrees above ambient air temperature. Defects such as short circuits or defective wiring can cause a ballast to significantly overheat. If ballast temperatures are sufficiently high, a fire may result.

By using an infrared imager to inspect fixture surfaces adjacent to ballasts, it is possible to rapidly detect evidence of overheated ballasts. When applying thermal imaging to installed fixtures, keep the following in mind:

Ascertain how construction of subject fixtures will affect observed temperatures
Plan inspection to afford clear line-of-sight to fixture surface
Ensure fixtures are properly lamped and under load during inspection
Allow sufficient time for fixtures to achieve thermal equilibrium
Investigate excessively warm fixtures for cause

Infrared inspection of electrical distribution systems is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems & Rotating Equipment, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.

December 07, 2015
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Intrinsically Safe Equipment

Intrinsically safe test equipment is a requirement for workplaces where combustible gasses may be present. Prior to performing an infrared inspection in such areas, it is important to understand the meaning and importance of this requirement.

Intrinsically safe is a term that applies to test instruments that will not produce sparks or thermal effects capable of igniting a flammable vapor. Intrinsically safe equipment is frequently required in mines, chemical refineries, and in areas where combustible gasses, vapors, or dust may collect. Using instrumentation other than intrinsically safe in these areas could cause a potentially lethal fire or explosion.

Presently, most infrared inspection equipment is not rated as intrinsically safe. Because of this, infrared equipment not rated as intrinsically safe should never be operated in an area where combustible gasses or vapors are present.

In areas where there is a potential of combustible gas accumulation, the area should be sampled for combustible gasses and oxygen content prior to the infrared inspection to ensure that the area is safe to enter. Once area has been deemed safe, the area should be continuously supplied with fresh air and monitored regularly during the inspection.

December 14, 2015
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Scheduling IR Equipment for Maintenance

Many thermographers think of the holidays as a time for family, festivities and annual maintenance of their infrared equipment. Planning ahead can help to minimize imager downtime and avoid or minimize program interruption.

Because infrared test equipment plays a key role in an inspection program, minimizing downtime required for service is imperative. Keeping the following in mind can help routine service to proceed more smoothly and ensure a faster turnaround for your imager.

Schedule routine equipment service and/or calibrations well in advance
Most service departments require you to obtain a Return Authorization before shipping equipment
Be sure to include all optics and filters when shipping your system
Consider scheduling service before or after holidays to avoid service backlogs
Arrange for replacement equipment if you anticipate a long delivery time for service

When shipping your equipment, enclose a letter stating services required and any problems with the subject equipment. Be sure to affix a Packing List to the exterior of your shipping container noting descriptions and serial numbers of items shipped. Lastly, don’t forget to ascertain Customs requirements if your equipment must be shipped outside of your country for service.

December 21, 2015
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Holiday Wishes
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute

It is hard to believe that another year has passed and the holiday season is once again upon us. With this Tip, we invite our readers to share a favorite memory as we celebrate the season.

This month marks the 50th anniversary of one of our all-time favorite programs, ‘A Charlie Brown Christmas’. As a child growing up in the 1960’s, the annual airing of this program was proof that Christmas was just around the corner.

With no reruns on broadcast television, we, like many of our childhood friends, would plan our entire week around watching this special program each year. With a cool soundtrack, the program brought our favorite Peanuts characters to life as Charlie Brown strove to discover the meaning of Christmas. To this day, Linus VanPelt’s simple monologue is one of our favorite holiday memories.

With the holidays and busy year-end schedules upon us once again, we invite you to take the time to make special memories with family and friends and to keep them in your heart where you may easily find them in the future.

As we enjoy this holiday season, we extend a heartfelt Thank You to all of our readers, friends, and associates throughout the world for everything that you do for us all year long.

May your holidays be filled with peace and joy and your New Year with good health and happiness

~ Jim Seffrin & the Staff of Infraspection Institute

Linus’ Monologue

Charlie Brown: Isn’t there anyone who knows what Christmas is all about?

Linus: Sure, Charlie Brown. I can tell you what Christmas is all about. Lights, please.

And there were in the same country, shepherds, abiding in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night and lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them. And the glory of the Lord shone ‘round about them and they were so afraid. And the angel said unto them, “Fear not. For behold, I bring you tidings of great joy which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David, a savior, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you, ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes lying in a manger.”

And suddenly there was with the angel, a multitude of the heavenly hosts praising God and saying, “Glory to God in the highest and on Earth, Peace and Goodwill toward men.”

That’s what Christmas is all about Charlie Brown.

Excerpted from ‘A Charlie Brown Christmas’ by Charles Schulz

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December 28, 2015
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Visual Inspections & Thermography

You’ve probably heard the saying, “You can’t see the forest because of all the trees.” Sometimes thermographers can’t see visible discrepancies for the thermal imagery.

Thermal imaging is a very powerful tool for detecting, displaying and recording thermal patterns across the surface of an object. With the high tech information that thermography provides, it’s often easy to overlook problems that are visually apparent. Taking some time to study your subjects and their surroundings can provide additional information that can aid in your analysis or even discover deficiencies that your thermal imager may not detect.

When performing an infrared inspection, be certain to visually inspect targets and their surroundings and:

Note how nearby hot or cold objects may affect the inspected items
Identify environmental conditions that may adversely affect infrared data
Ascertain how target characteristics such as emittance will impact infrared analysis
Look for signs of previous overheating such as discoloration, oxidation, or melting
Correlate visual observations to the displayed thermal image

Lastly, many published standards and specifications require visual inspections be performed simultaneously with thermographic testing. Taking the time to visually inspect your subjects may improve your diagnoses and help to ensure that your inspections are compliant with industry standards.

Proper conduct of infrared inspections is one of the many topics covered in the all of Infraspection Institute’s Level I training courses. For course locations and dates or to learn more about our Distance Learning Program, visit call us at 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.

Archive: Tip of the Week

2015

Linus’ Monologue

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