2016
Maintaining Situational Awareness
Many animals and even some people are credited with having a sixth sense for knowing or anticipating events before they happen. The benefits of this seemingly supernatural power can be enjoyed by applying a discipline known as situational awareness.
Situational awareness is a technique that has been practiced by pilots and military personnel for several years. Situational awareness is a discipline that requires a person to be constantly aware of his/her surroundings and to constantly anticipate what might happen next. By constantly being aware of what might happen one is better able to plan an appropriate response before an event occurs, thereby avoiding surprises.
With the hazardous environments in which thermographers frequently work, practicing situational awareness make sense. Thermographers can apply the discipline of situational awareness by observing the following:
- Always be aware of your immediate surroundings and the hazards contained therein
- Recognize how the actions of others might affect your situation
- Be aware of weather or environmental conditions that could present a hazard
- Have an emergency response for any situation that could occur
- Know where emergency equipment and communications devices are located
- Identify both primary and secondary evacuation routes for use in case of an emergency
Practicing situational awareness means that you plan for what could go wrong instead of what is likely to go wrong and have preplanned responses for any eventuality. Taking some time to practice situational awareness can vastly improve your personal safety by helping to eliminate surprises and the confusion that goes along with them.
Thermographer safety is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information on class locations or our Distance Learning program, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
Heat Stress & Hydration
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. In last week’s Tip, we covered the topic of heat stress, its symptoms, and treatment. This Tip focuses on the importance of hydration as a preventive measure.
What is heat stress?
Heat stress is a physical hazard. It is caused by environmental conditions and results in the breakdown of the human thermal regulating system. If you work or play in hot environments, your body needs a lot more water than you might think.
What is hydration?
Hydration is the process of adding water. Our bodies need water to do many things. In hot environments we need large quantities of water to help keep our bodies cooled to a temperature that allows them to function properly. Heat stress becomes a health and safety concern when the volume of water we need to function drops below the level necessary to maintain homeostasis. We call this low water condition dehydration or under-hydration. The average person is 7% under-hydrated.
How can I avoid being under-hydrated?
Developing the habit of drinking water at routine intervals. One 8 oz. cup every hour on hot days will assure proper hydration.
How will I know if I am properly hydrated?
Check the color of your urine. You are properly hydrated if your urine is clear, copious in volume, and light yellow in color.
What are the benefits of proper hydration?
Staying properly hydrated will help to avoid heat stress and may increase your energy level. For every 1% under-hydration, you lose 5% of your energy potential.
Thermographer safety is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information on class locations or our Distance Learning program, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
Calculating Field of View
Have you ever wondered what the size of your imager’s field of view is at a given distance? If you know the visual field of view specifications for a thermal imager, it is possible to calculate the size of your imager’s viewing area for any given distance using a scientific calculator. The formula for this calculation is:
{(tangent 1/2 viewing angle) x distance} x 2
To apply the above formula, follow these steps:
1. Determine your imager’s Field of View (in degrees) from the manufacturer’s specs.
2. Divide the value from Step 1 by 2
3. Use scientific calculator to determine tangent of number obtained in Step 2
4. Multiply number in Step 3 by distance from imager lens to object.
5. Multiply number obtained in Step 4 by 2. This will be the width of the imager’s field of view at the specified distance.
Example: Calculate field of view for 16° lens at 25’.
(tan 8° x 25’) x 2 =
(0.140541 x 25’) x 2 =
(3.513525’) x 2 = ˜ 7.0’
If your imager specifies different Field of View values for horizontal and vertical, it will be necessary to calculate each value separately. Calculated values should be used for estimation purposes as actual values may vary slightly.
Imager operation is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Level I and Level II training courses. For more information on our Distance Learning Program or our open enrollment classes, visit us online at Infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
Transmissivity of Switchgear Windows
As the popularity of infrared transmissive switchgear windows increases, many have begun to question how much windows attenuate the observed infrared data. With no standards governing the manufacture of switchgear windows, the answer can vary depending upon the make and model of the window and the selected infrared equipment.
Infrared transmissive windows have seen increasing popularity as an alternative to opening electrical cabinets for infrared inspections. These windows typically contain an IR transmissive material supported in a metal frame and are permanently installed at strategic locations in the switchgear enclosure. During the infrared inspection the camera lens is placed against the window to inspect electrical components without having to open the subject enclosure.
As no material on earth is 100% transmissive to infrared energy, all infrared windows will qualitatively and quantitatively attenuate the infrared energy passing through the window. While it is useful to know the transmittance of the window’s optical material, there are other important factors to be considered. It should be noted that there is no way to compensate for any of the common error sources listed below.
- Many IR windows have optics far smaller than IR imager lenses vastly reducing the infrared energy reaching the detector
- Switchgear windows that become dirty over time attenuate IR energy
- Some switchgear windows are wavelength specific and will react differently according to imager selected
- Depending upon cabinet depth, it may not be possible to obtain clear focus for the subject components
The topic of switchgear windows is covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® Level I training courses. For more information on calculating the transmittance of switchgear windows, consult the Standard for Measuring and Compensating for Transmittance of an Attenuating Medium Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers available from Infraspection Institute.
Contracts for Infrared Inspections
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
A perpetual quest among professional thermographers involves seeking a standard contract for their inspection services. In this Tip, we offer a time-tested solution that can help to increase sales and improve customer satisfaction.
A contract is a binding legal agreement that is enforceable in a court of law. Simply put, a contract is an exchange of promises, which if broken, have remedy in the law. Among other things, an infrared inspection contract should address the responsibilities of the thermographer and the client, work to be performed, applicable standards and procedures, pricing, delivery, and payment terms.
Due to the diverse nature of infrared inspection services, preparing a one-size-fits-all contract can be very difficult. This challenge becomes even greater when ancillary services such as providing electricians or moisture verification are required as part of a project. In many areas, preparing a contract requires the assistance of a legal professional in order to ensure that the final contract meets all regulatory and legal requirements.
For professional thermographers, the first step in approaching any new project should be to generate a formal proposal. This proposal should contain all information pertinent to the project and be sufficiently detailed to reflect the responsibilities of all parties including the client and the thermographer. Once a proposal has been deemed satisfactory by a client, a Purchase Order or contract may then be prepared and forwarded to the thermographer for review and acceptance.
Infraspection Institute offers standard proposal templates for several different types of residential and commercial infrared inspections. Each template provides suggested wording and format for preparing a comprehensive and professional proposal.
Nine proposal templates are currently available covering the following applications: electrical systems, mechanical systems, electro/mechanical systems, photovoltaic installations, building envelopes, insulated roofs, process equipment, steam traps, and underground piping. Each template outlines scope of work, pricing options, client and thermographer responsibilities, applicable standards, additional services, and terms.
All templates are provided in a Microsoft Word file and can be modified to suit the user’s particular needs. Templates may be used as core language for contract documents. Purchase price includes license for unlimited use of template by the original purchaser. Templates are available individually or as a complete set of nine through the Infraspection Online Store.
IR Inspections of Roofs with Insulating Decks
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Thermography is a proven technique for inspecting insulated, low-slope roofing systems. Under the proper conditions, thermography may also be used to inspect uninsulated roofs that are constructed with an insulating deck.
Flat or low slope roofs, also known as insulated roofs, are a common feature found in commercial construction. Applicable construction includes smooth, gravel, or granule-surfaced membranes having a layer of insulation located between the deck and the membrane and in continuous contact with the underside of the membrane.
As an alternative, some roof membranes may be installed without insulation directly over insulating roof decks. Common insulating deck materials include gypsum and lightweight concrete. Typically, these materials are mixed to produce a liquid slurry which is poured and formed in place during construction. After solidifying and drying sufficiently, the roof membrane is laid directly over the insulating deck.
Because wet-applied decks can retain significant quantities of construction water, thermographically inspecting these roofs can be a challenge. In some cases, it may take several months for construction water to dry out making it difficult or impossible to detect thermal patterns associated with water ingress. In other cases, water entering these systems due to a leak may diffuse or dry out quickly.
Selecting optimal site and weather conditions is of paramount importance when performing infrared inspections of uninsulated roofs with gypsum or lightweight concrete decks. Among these are:
- Rainfall within previous 48 hours
- Completely dry roof surface at sunrise
- Daytime high temperatures above 40ºF and little or no wind
- Mostly sunny day followed by clear evening with no wind and temperatures above 32ºF
Infrared inspections should be conducted by walking over the subject roof(s) after sunset. The inspection should be methodically conducted and no inexplicable anomaly should be overlooked. All thermal data should be verified by invasive moisture meter readings and core samples. Core samples should be gravimetrically analyzed to ascertain that moisture content is acceptable even if the roof appears to be uniformly dry.
Infrared inspection of flat roofs and proper equipment selection are two of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to register for a course, visit Infraspection Institute online or call us at 609-239-4788.
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IR Inspections of Electric Motors
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Despite the important role they play in a commercial facility, electric motors tend to be both out-of-sight and out-of-mind until they fail. Infrared thermography can be used as a cost-effective diagnostic tool for detecting problems within electric motor systems.
Many infrared inspection programs include motor control circuits but overlook the motor itself. Evidence of several conditions which can lead to premature motor failure can be detected with a thermal imager. The following are suggestions for thermographically inspecting motors.
- With cover removed, inspect electrical connections at the motor junction box. This should be done in conjunction with the regularly scheduled inspection of the facility’s electrical system.
- Inspect motor casing for localized hotspots which may be indicative of short circuits within motor windings
- Qualitatively compare individual motors to similar motors under similar load
- When possible, qualitatively compare inboard and outboard bearings for each motor. If a large Delta T is present, it may be indicative of misalignment or a rotor balance problem. If both bearings are hot, the bearings may be worn or improperly lubricated.
Because no complicated analysis is required, infrared inspections typically can be performed rapidly and at a fraction of the cost of other types of motor testing. Additionally, infrared can detect evidence of misalignment at lower thresholds than those detectable by vibration analysis and motor current signature analysis.
Lastly, infrared inspections of motor bearings and stator should be performed monthly by experienced, certified infrared thermographers who thoroughly understand the theory and operation of electric motors.
Infrared inspection of electric motors is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including our Distance Learning courses, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
Laying the Foundation
While any picture is worth a thousand words, a thermal image needs an interpreter. When thermal imagery is used as evidence, thermographers can expect to be called upon to testify.
An infrared picture is more like an x-ray than a photograph in this respect, in that its admissibility at trial will depend on an expert thermographer to explain its meaning, since without that expert testimony the judge or jury may be misled rather than helped by the evidence.
An expert thermographer may be hired to give an opinion in court regarding the meaning of a thermal image which he did not make. If so, it is likely that the author of the image must also be called to testify in order to “lay the foundation” for the introduction of the image into evidence.
When a thermal image is used as proof of some fact relevant to the outcome of a case, it must be “authenticated” or identified for the court, which requires other evidence such as the maker’s testimony that the image is what it claims to be.
Although an ordinary photograph may be authenticated by anyone with first hand knowledge of the scene depicted, a thermal image is a bit more complicated – more like an x-ray, cat scan or sonogram whose introduction into evidence may require the technician to testify that the image was taken of a particular patient on a particular day.
In the same way, if a thermal image is proposed for introduction into evidence, to be used as the basis for an expert opinion at trial, the thermographer who made the image will be called as a fact witness to lay the necessary evidentiary foundation.
Tip Provided by:
Robert J. Incollingo, Attorney at Law
4 Munn Avenue
Cherry Hill, NJ 08034
856-857-1500
www.rjilaw.com
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The Value of Level III Certification
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Certification is one of the most frequently cited credentials for practicing infrared thermographers. In this Tip we discuss the importance of Level III certification and why thermographers need to train and certify to the highest level possible.
The advent of lower priced equipment has created greater public awareness and a dramatic increase in infrared imager sales. Sales of imagers to contractors, service companies, engineers and consultants are at an all-time high. As a result, many areas have seen an increase in competition among those who provide professional infrared inspection services.
In addition to an increase in the number of firms providing infrared inspection services, many infrared consultants are often competing with poorly trained thermographers with little or no field experience. The following practices can help customers and prospects appreciate the true value of an experienced consultant and to level the playing field in competitive situations.
- Obtain quality training for all thermographers. Training should be from a recognized, independent training firm
- Implement a meaningful written practice for your thermography program. This simple step serves as a blueprint for an infrared inspection program and helps to ensure quality
- Emphasize thermographer field experience in addition to training. Clients often place value above low price and will spend more money for your services if they believe that you are better qualified than a lower priced competitor
Lastly, train and certify all thermographers to Level III. Training to minimal levels sends a poor message to clients and limits a thermographer’s knowledge base and revenue potential. Requiring Level III for all thermographers can provide a competitive advantage and increased profits.
Infraspection Institute has been training and certifying professional infrared thermographers since 1980. Our Level III Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course teaches the industry’s best practices and is fully compliant with ASNT and industry standards. Our highly experienced instructors provide up-to-date information vital to help maximize your program’s success and profits. For more information or to register for a class, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
September 05, 2016
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School’s Open – Drive Carefully
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
For many areas, September is a month of transition – cooler weather, leaves turning color, and children returning to school. In this Tip we offer some advice for keeping school students safe.
Over 56 million students are projected to be enrolled in U.S. schools this fall; over 70 percent will be under 15 years old. According to the National Highway Traffic Administration, one-fifth of all children 14 years of age and younger who die in motor vehicle crashes are pedestrians. On average, one pedestrian is killed in the United States every two hours.
Morning can be a dangerous time for children, as they travel to the bus stop, ride their bike to school or walk along their routine path. Afternoon introduces additional risks as the ring of the final bell marks the sound of freedom for school-age children. Unfortunately, children are often distracted by thoughts of playtime or are unable to accurately judge traffic situations while on their journey home.
Keeping the following in mind can help protect everyone’s safety:
- Slow down in or near school and residential areas.
- Drive with your headlights on – even during the day – so children and other drivers can see you.
- Look for clues such as School Safety Patrols, Adult Crossing Guards, bicycles, and playgrounds, which indicate children could be in the area.
- Always stop for school buses that are loading/unloading students.
- Limit distractions such as cell phones, CD players or other devices that cause you to take your eyes off the road.
- Practice extra caution in adverse weather conditions.
- Pay particular attention near schools during the morning and afternoon hours.
- Scan between parked cars and other objects for signs that children could dart into the road.
Remember, school’s open – drive carefully. You can make a difference just by staying alert and taking the extra care while driving where children are present. For more info on driving safety, contact the Mid-Atlantic AAA.
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September 12, 2016
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Alternatives to Thermal Images
Using thermograms to document exceptions is a time-tested common practice in thermography. At times, this practice can be cumbersome and confusing, especially with large structures.
Simply defined, thermograms are two-dimensional hardcopy images that represent the thermal patterns across the surface of an object. For years, thermographers have utilized film or paper to produce records of the imagery provided by their thermal imager. Traditionally, thermograms work well for small objects or for exceptions that are small in size.
Documenting thermal patterns on large structures such as multi-story buildings or flat roofs can prove to be a challenge. This challenge may be further compounded when observed exceptions are large in size. A simple solution to these challenges is to utilize architectural drawings, elevations, or schematics in place of, or in addition to, hardcopy thermograms. When utilizing drawings to document your infrared inspection, keep the following in mind:
- Prior to the infrared inspection, obtain drawings with sufficient detail
- Verify accuracy of drawings with the subject structure
- Be certain to verify site orientation with compass orientation
- During the inspection, mark the size and location of exceptions directly on drawings along with thermogram numbers, where appropriate
Whenever possible, obtain extra sets of drawings to be used as file copies or for field use. When utilized properly, drawings can serve as valuable reference tools enabling one to see “the big picture” that is often not possible with several small thermograms alone.
Infrared inspections of large structures is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information on class locations or our Distance Learning program, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
September 19, 2016
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Autumn IR Inspections to Assess Roof Condition
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
With parts of the US experiencing record setting heat, it is hard to think about winter. For many, autumn provides a perfect opportunity to conduct infrared inspections of flat roofs to help ensure that they are ready for the upcoming colder months.
Summer can be especially tough on roofing systems. High temperatures, building movement, and UV radiation often cause cracks and splits in the waterproofing system. Left undetected, these cracks and splits can lead to roof leaks and premature roof failure. Performing an infrared roof inspection prior to the onset of colder weather can detect evidence of problems and help to direct repair efforts.
Performed under the proper conditions with the right equipment, an infrared inspection can detect evidence of latent moisture within the roofing system often before leaks become evident in the building. For many locations, autumn provides perfect conditions for conducting an infrared inspection and performing any necessary roof repairs.
The best candidates for infrared inspection are flat or low slope roofs where the insulation is located between the roof deck and the membrane and is in direct contact with the underside of the membrane. Applicable constructions are roofs with either smooth or gravel-surfaced, built-up or single-ply membranes. If gravel is present, it should be less than ½” in diameter and less than 1” thick.
For smooth-surfaced roofs, a short wave (2-5.6 µ) imager will provide more accurate results especially if the roof is painted with a reflective coating. All infrared data should be verified by a qualified roofing professional via core sampling or invasive moisture meter readings.
Infrared inspection of flat roofs and proper equipment selection are two of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to register for a course, visit Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.
September 26, 2016
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Ladder Safety – Part 1
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
For many thermographers, ladders provide a means for accessing remote areas and equipment. Taking the time to use ladders properly can help to prevent serious or fatal injuries.
According to OSHA, falls from portable ladders are one of the leading causes of occupational fatalities and injuries. When using portable ladders, always keep the following points in mind:
- Avoid electrical hazards. Look for overhead power lines before handling a ladder.
- Inspect ladders before each use. Remove broken ladders from service and repair or discard.
- Do not exceed ladder load rating. Be aware of user’s weight including tools.
- Use a ladder only on a stable, level surface. Do not stack ladders on boxes, barrels, or unstable platforms to gain additional height.
- Maintain a 3 point contact with ladder (two feet, one hand). Always face the ladder when climbing and keep your body centered between the rails.
- Ladders should be free of slippery material on rungs, steps or feet.
- Never stand on the top step or rung of a ladder unless it is designed for this purpose.
Lastly, permanent ladders should be checked prior to use to ensure that they are securely attached to their structure.
Thermographer safety is one of the topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For information on thermographer training and certification, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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October 03, 2016
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Ladder Safety – Part 2
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
For many thermographers, ladders provide a means for accessing remote areas and equipment. In this week’s Tip we cover safety tips applicable to extension ladders.
According to OSHA, falls from ladders are one of the leading causes of occupational fatalities and injuries. When using portable extension ladders, always keep the following in mind:
- Avoid electrical hazards. Look for overhead power lines before handling a ladder.
- Inspect ladders before each use. Remove broken ladders from service and repair or discard.· Use a ladder only on a stable, level surface. Do not stack ladders on boxes, barrels, or unstable platforms to gain additional height.
- Extension or straight ladders used to access an elevated surface must extend at least 3 feet above the point of support. Never stand on rungs above the point of support.
- The proper angle for setting up a ladder is to place its base one quarter of the working length of the ladder from the wall or other vertical surface.
- Be certain that all locks on an extension ladder are properly engaged.
- Do not exceed ladder load rating. Do not move or shift a ladder while a person or equipment is on the ladder.
Lastly, a ladder placed in any location where it could be displaced by other work activities must be secured to prevent displacement or a barricade erected to keep traffic away from the ladder.
Thermographer safety is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For information on thermographer training and certification, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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October 10, 2016
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The Difference Between Mediation and Arbitration
Tip provided by:
Robert J. Incollingo, Esquire
4 Munn Avenue
Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08034
(856) 857-1500
www.rjilaw.com
Don’t be surprised if the courts divert your next lawsuit to mediation or to non-binding arbitration. Since the trend toward alternative dispute resolution cuts costs for the court as well as for the parties, it shows no sign of slowing. In this Tip, we discuss the difference between mediation and arbitration.
Court-ordered arbitration is a private and informal adjudicatory process similar to a court trial. An impartial attorney appointed by the court listens to presentations made by the disputants, and then issues a decision that (hopefully) settles the conflict. In some court-ordered arbitrations, the award of the arbitrator is legally binding and enforceable upon the parties, unless one or the other petitions the court for trial de novo (which means as though the arbitration never happened) and pays the required fee to do so.
The arbitration hearing is much less formal in procedure than a court trial, but each party has the right to present proofs and arguments as in a court of law. Unlike mediation, in arbitration the parties give up the power to create their own solution, and place resolution of their problem in the hands of the arbitrator, but as a matter of practice, many cases settle once dialogue opens at the hearing.
Mediation is an alternative form of dispute resolution in which a neutral third party tries to find a way for the parties to come to agreement of settlement. It is non-binding, and different from a trial or an arbitration because the goal is not a resolution ordered down in the form of an award by an arbitrator or judgment by a judge. There is no “decision” because there is no “contest” in mediation. Instead, the mediator tries to find a common ground and draw the parties toward an agreement.
Mediation is often successful in cases where hard feelings over nonpayment act as a roadblock to dialogue, or where the amount of a claim of offset is open to reasonable debate (such as where the appropriate fix for a problem must be chosen from competing approaches). If no agreement is reached, the case goes back on the track to trial.
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October 17, 2016
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Autumn is the Time for Steam Trap Testing
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
With the onset of seasonably cooler weather, autumn is the time to prepare your steam system for the upcoming heating season. Testing your steam traps before the season begins can help to pinpoint costly leaks before the heating season begins.
Traditionally, two different non-destructive technologies have been employed to test steam systems – contact ultrasonics and temperature measurement. Used individually, each of these techniques has limitations that can lead to false positive and/or false negative results. Combining temperature measurement with ultrasound can result in a highly accurate test method by following a few simple steps:
- Measure trap inlet to ensure that temperature is above 212º F. If trap inlet is below 212º F, ascertain why steam is not reaching trap
- Listen to the trap outlet with contact probe of ultrasonic unit. Continuous hissing or rushing sounds usually indicate a failed trap
- Ascertain that trap is cycling periodically. Frequent cycling may be caused by an undersized or worn trap
- Tag defective traps and document in written report
- Re-test defective traps after repair to ensure effectiveness of repair.
Always be sure to follow appropriate safety precautions especially when working with high pressure steam or when using ladders or lift equipment.
Infrared inspection of steam traps is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including our Distance Learning Courses, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
October 24, 2016
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Preparing for IR Inspections of Electrical Systems
Perhaps the most common application for infrared thermography is PdM inspections of electrical distribution systems. However, in focusing on the inspection, many overlook the critical step of properly preparing for the inspection.
Proper planning prevents poor performance. For IR inspections of electrical distribution systems, this planning should begin well in advance of the inspection. The following are some of the not-so-obvious considerations that should be part of every inspection.
- Inspection standards to be followed
- Safety standards and rules applicable to the work areas
- Thermographer and qualified assistant(s) should be trained as qualified persons as defined by NFPA and OSHA standards
- Necessary Personal Protective Equipment including flame resistant (FR) clothing
- Provisions for First Aid and CPR
- Pre-job safety briefing prior to the commencement of the work
Lastly, infrared inspections should only be performed by experienced, certified infrared thermographers who thoroughly understand the theory and operation of electrical distribution systems. Properly planning for your next infrared inspection can provide for a safer and more efficient inspection.
For more information on thermographer training and certification, or to order a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems & Rotating Equipment, call us at 609-239-4788 or visit us online at: www.infraspection.com
October 31, 2016
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How to Calculate Emittance
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Utilizing correct emittance values is imperative for accurate non-contact temperature measurements. Knowing how to accurately calculate emittance values can help to ensure the accuracy of infrared temperature measurements.
Although thermographers frequently obtain emittance values from published tables, this practice can introduce significant errors. Following the procedure listed below, it is possible to accurately calculate the E value of an object.
Equipment Required:
- Calibrated imaging radiometer with a computer that allows thermographer to input Reflected Temperature and Emittance values
- Natural or induced means of heating/cooling target to a stable temperature at least 10ºC above/below ambient temperature
- Calibrated contact thermometer
Method:
- Place imaging radiometer at desired distance from heated/cooled target. Be certain that target is larger than imager’s spot measurement area. Aim and focus imager on target
- Measure and compensate for Reflected Temperature
- Place imager crosshairs on target
- Use contact thermometer to measure target temperature at location of imager crosshairs. Remove contact thermometer
- Without moving imager, adjust E control until observed temperature matches value obtained in Step 4 above. The displayed E value is the Emittance value for this target with this imaging radiometer. For greatest accuracy, repeat above three times and average the results.
Note: This procedure requires contact with the object being measured. Be certain to observe all necessary safety precautions prior to making contact with target.
The above procedure is described in detail in the Standard for Measuring and Compensating for Emittance Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers. Copies of the Standard are available from the Infraspection Online Store or by calling 609-239-4799.
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November 07, 2016
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Standards for Infrared Thermography
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
As thermography has matured, standards have appeared governing the conduct of infrared inspections and the proper use of infrared test equipment. With this Tip, we examine the importance of standards to practicing thermographers.
Anyone who has spent time in the kitchen is familiar with recipes. A typical cake recipe provides quantities of required ingredients, the order and manner in which they should be combined, and specific instructions on how to bake the batter. Following a recipe helps to ensure an acceptable range of results among those who are able to follow the subject recipe.
Both science and industry rely on standards for testing. These documents provide procedures that help to ensure that competent technologists achieve an acceptable range of results. Standards are to a thermographer what a recipe is to a baker.
Presently, several published standards are available for the science of thermography. Following standards reduces liability, increases credibility, and helps to ensure repeatability for future inspections.
Recognizing the need for standardized procedures, Infraspection Institute began publishing guidelines for thermography in 1988. Since their initial publication, Infraspection Institute guidelines have been adopted by hundreds of companies worldwide and incorporated into documents published by recognized standards organizations such as ASTM International (ASTM). Beginning in 2007, Infraspection Institute guidelines were updated and renamed as standards to reflect their industry-wide acceptance and the best practices they embody.
Each Infraspection infrared standard provides simple and straightforward procedures along with the requirements for properly documenting test results. Infraspection application standards provide a blueprint for both specifying and performing infrared inspections. These documents are a ‘must-have’ for anyone who specifies, performs, or oversees infrared inspections.
Eleven comprehensive standards covering infrared equipment operation, temperature measurement, and specific thermographic applications are available from Infraspection Institute. In order to keep abreast of industry and technological changes, new versions of all Infraspection Institute standards have just been released. Copies of the 2016 edition of the Infraspection Institute standards are available through the Infraspection Online Store or by calling 609-239-4788.
November 14, 2016
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Autumn Driving Tips
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
It’s that time of year when brightly colored trees remind us that Autumn is upon us. Taking a few precautions can help to make driving safer by addressing challenges unique to the fall season.
- Patches of fallen leaves can be just as treacherous as patches of ice. Fallen leaves retain large amounts of water and can create a slippery surface. Drive slowly through them and avoid hard or panic braking.
- Fall brings the first frost. Be aware of slippery conditions that occur with frost. At freezing or near freezing temperatures, the moisture on bridges and overpasses will become ice much more quickly than the approach roadway. The roadways hold heat and the bridges do not; you can go from wet roadway to ice in just a fraction of a second.
- Fall weather such as rain, fog, sleet and wet snow require full driver attention. Remember the “two-second rule” when following other drivers, and in severe weather increase your following distance. If you are being tailgated, let the other driver pass.
- Later sunrises and earlier sunsets can create sun glare. Be sure your windows are clean, inside and out, and have sunglasses handy. If you’re driving away from a low sun, glare will not be a problem for you, but it can be for the drivers approaching from the other direction. It may help to use your low beam headlights, allowing you to be seen more readily.
- In most areas, animal collisions are at their peak in the fall. Be on guard when traveling through areas where wildlife is likely to cross the road.
Common sense along with the basics of safe driving – always wearing a safety belt, driving alert and sober, and driving at safe and legal speeds – can help you travel safely in the fall.
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November 21, 2016
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Thanksgiving Safety Tip
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
When it comes to heat transfer and safety, thermographers traditionally think of the workplace. With the Thanksgiving holiday upon us, neither of these topics should be overlooked when it comes to preparing the holiday feast.
According to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 76 million Americans become ill each year as a result of foodborne pathogens. Of these, approximately 5,000 die. Proper hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the risk of food poisoning.
As part of their nationwide Be Food Safe public education campaign, the US Department of Agriculture offers four simple tips for safe food preparation:
Clean – Wash hands, surfaces and utensils often to avoid spreading bacteria when preparing food.
Separate – Use different cutting boards for raw meat, poultry, seafood and vegetables. Keep raw turkey away from vegetables and side dishes that won’t be cooked.
Cook – You can’t tell it’s done by how it looks! Use a food thermometer. Every part of the turkey should reach a minimum internal temperature of 165ºF.
Chill – Keep the refrigerator at 40ºF or below to keep bacteria from growing. Pumpkin pie should always be refrigerated and all food should be refrigerated within two hours.
If deep fried turkey is your preference, be sure to observe all safety precautions and never leave your fryer unattended. For more information on food safety, visit the US Department of Agriculture website.
From all of us at Infraspection Institute, Happy Thanksgiving to all of our readers and friends! May you enjoy a safe and happy holiday in the company of those you love.
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November 28, 2016
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Infrared Inspections of Roofs Containing Foam Insulation
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
You can’t believe everything you hear. This can be especially true when it comes to performing infrared inspections on flat roofs that contain closed cell foam insulation.
Closed cell foam generically describes several insulation materials commonly found in low slope or flat roofs. Typical materials include urethane foam, isocyanurate foam and, in some cases, cellular glass. Closed cell foam insulations typically offer good R value, are dimensionally stable, and can be used with a wide variety of roofing materials.
Another characteristic of closed cell foam insulations is that they are water resistant. This characteristic, however, only applies to short term exposure to water. When installed in a roofing system and exposed to water for extended periods of time, the cells tend to break down permitting the insulation to become quite absorbent. When this occurs, foam insulation can absorb large quantities of moisture and will exhibit the type of thermal patterns typically associated with absorbent insulations.
Over the years, many have claimed that infrared inspections of closed cell foam roofs are ineffective due to foam’s low absorbency. The thermal image below clearly shows the extent of water damage in a roof constructed with foam insulation.
Note the solid thermal pattern typical of absorbent insulation.
Thermogram provided by Jersey Infrared Consultants
Initially, thermal patterns associated with latent moisture in roofs containing foam insulation will exhibit ‘picture frame’ signatures. These thermal patterns are due to water collecting at the perimeter of individual boards. As time progresses and the foam loses its water resistance, insulation boards will begin to exhibit the same type of thermal signatures exhibited by wet, absorbent insulations such as wood or glass fiber.
Infrared inspections of flat roofs is one of the many applications covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For course schedules or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Insulated Roofs, visit Infraspection Institute online or call us at 609-239-4788.
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December 05, 2016
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Using IR Inspections to Help Prepare for Heating Season
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
For many facilities the beginning of autumn means that heating season is just around the corner. Infrared inspections can help point out the types of energy liabilities that can account for significant waste.
With energy costs at an all time high, energy conservation is more important than ever. With companies looking for ways to contain costs, energy conservation makes sense. When properly conducted, infrared inspections can point out areas of thermal deficiencies or energy loss. When coupled with timely, effective repairs, considerable savings can be realized.
There are many areas where infrared inspections may be performed to help detect excess energy loss. Among the most common are:
- Building envelopes – for missing or damaged insulation and air leakage
- Flat roofs – to detect water damaged insulation
- Steam systems – to detect defective steam traps
- Underground piping – to detect pipe leaks
- Boilers and process equipment – to detect excess energy loss or air leaks
When it comes to the above inspections, time is of the essence in order to maximize savings. Infrared inspections should be carried out as soon as possible. Waiting until the heating season is well under way often results in documenting opportunity lost rather than savings realized.
Infrared inspection of building envelopes and thermal energy delivery systems are two of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. This same information is also covered in our Distance Learning Level I Thermography course. For more information or to register for a course, visit Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.
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December 12, 2016
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Video Output – A Useful Feature on Thermal Imagers
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Purchasers of thermal imagers are often faced with the challenge of which features to look for on new equipment. For some, a video output jack can be a particularly useful feature.
Until recently, many thermal imagers featured a video output jack as standard equipment. Video output jacks allow imagers to be coupled with compatible video equipment including external monitors and video recording devices such as camcorders.
Coupling a thermal imager to a camcorder offers several advantages when documenting an infrared inspection. Among these are:
- Ability to quickly and economically record large amounts of thermal imagery to videotape or digital media
- Record dynamic events or processes
- Provide a hardcopy record of all items that a thermographer has imaged
- Camcorders with external monitors provide an additional viewing screen
Prior to using a video output jack, be certain that the video signal is compatible with the chosen video device. For some imagers, video adapters may be necessary to couple the devices.
A number of engineering considerations including production costs have caused many manufacturers to remove the video output feature from several models of thermal imagers. Because a video output feature cannot be added to an imager, this feature must be specified at the time of imager purchase. Prior to purchasing any new thermal imager, be certain to try the equipment under the same conditions that you will likely encounter in the future.
Equipment selection and use are two of the many topics covered in the
Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including course locations and dates, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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December 19, 2016
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Holiday Wishes
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
It is hard to believe that another year has passed and the holiday season is once again upon us. With this Tip, we invite our readers to share a favorite memory as we celebrate the season.
This month marks the 51st anniversary of one of our all-time favorite programs, ‘A Charlie Brown Christmas’. As a child growing up in the 1960’s, the annual airing of this program was proof that Christmas was just around the corner.
With no reruns on broadcast television, we, like many of our childhood friends, would plan our entire week around watching this special program each year. With a cool soundtrack, the program brought our favorite Peanuts characters to life as Charlie Brown strove to discover the meaning of Christmas. To this day, Linus VanPelt’s simple monologue is one of our favorite holiday memories.
With the holidays and busy year-end schedules upon us once again, we invite you to take the time to make special memories with family and friends and to keep them in your heart where you may easily find them in the future.
As we enjoy this holiday season, we extend a heartfelt Thank You to all of our readers, friends, and associates throughout the world for everything that you do for us all year long.
May your holidays be filled with peace and joy and your New Year with good health and happiness.
~ Jim Seffrin & the Staff of Infraspection Institute
Linus’ Monologue
Charlie Brown: Isn’t there anyone who knows what Christmas is all about?
Linus: Sure, Charlie Brown. I can tell you what Christmas is all about. Lights, please.
And there were in the same country, shepherds, abiding in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night and lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them. And the glory of the Lord shone ‘round about them and they were so afraid. And the angel said unto them, “Fear not. For behold, I bring you tidings of great joy which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David, a savior, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you, ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes lying in a manger.”
And suddenly there was with the angel, a multitude of the heavenly hosts praising God and saying, “Glory to God in the highest and on Earth, Peace and Goodwill toward men.”
That’s what Christmas is all about Charlie Brown.
Excerpted from ‘A Charlie Brown Christmas’ by Charles Schulz
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December 28, 2016
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Our Most Important Tip
With the end of the year upon us, we wish to follow in the grand tradition of saving our best for last. In this Tip of the Week, we address some of the most important issues facing predictive maintenance professionals.
With the holiday season in full swing, we invite PdM technologists and thermographers throughout the world to consider the issues of inventory, reliability and communication and offer our best advice as follows:
- Inventory – Take time to reflect on your many blessings such as good health, family and friends.
- Reliability – Set time aside to appreciate having friends and relatives in whom you can confide and trust.
- Communication – Remember to share your feelings with all of the special people in your life by letting them know what they mean to you.
Spreading cheer and holiday spirit is easy; it begins with each of us as we let others know how we feel about them.
As we enjoy this holiday season, we extend a heartfelt Thank You to all of our readers, friends, and associates throughout the world for everything that you do for us all year long.
May your holidays be filled with peace and joy and your New Year with good health and happiness.
~ Jim Seffrin & the Staff of Infraspection Institute
