January 03, 2022
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Easier Than A, B, C
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
When performing infrared inspections of electrical distribution systems, many people identify the individual phases of polyphase circuits as A, B, and C; others frequently use 1, 2, and 3.
Confusion can arise with alphabetical or numerical labels particularly when switchgear enclosures are inspected from different perspectives e.g. front versus rear. Further confusion can occur when phase rotation has been modified or changed or, in some cases, mislabelled.
Reference errors can be avoided by using terms that cannot be confused such as Left, Middle, Right OR Upper, Middle, Lower. When using such terms, one should always reference where the image was taken from. For outside power lines references such as Street, Center, and Field may be used to identify phases without confusion.
Using the above simple terms can make your reports easier to understand and help to eliminate confusion when repairs are performed.
Infrared inspection of electrical distribution systems is one of the many applications covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For course schedules or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems and Rotating Equipment, visit Infraspection Institute online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
January 10, 2022
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Understanding Emissivity
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Emissivity refers to an object’s ability to radiate infrared energy. Because infrared instruments measure radiant energy, it is imperative for a thermographer to understand emissivity and how it can vary.
All objects above 0 Kelvin radiate infrared energy. The amount of energy radiated is dependent upon an object’s temperature and emittance. Increases in temperature and/or emittance will increase the amount of infrared energy radiated.
Although many equate emissivity to values published in emittance tables, emissivity is a dynamic characteristic and is influenced by several factors. Among these are:
Wavelength – For most objects, emissivity varies with wavelength.
Object Temperature – Changes in object temperature cause changes in Emissivity
For clean metals, E increases with temperature rise
For dielectrics, E decreases with temperature rise
Viewing Angle – Imaging at angles other than perpendicular causes changes in Emissivity
Target Geometry – Target shape affects Emissivity. Compared to a flat surface,
Concave shape increases E
Convex shape decreases E
Surface Condition – Surface roughness, texture, or condition (dirt, oxidation or paint) can significantly affect Emissivity
Although thermographers frequently obtain emittance values from published tables, this practice can introduce significant temperature measurement errors since emittance tables cannot account for several of the above factors. Because of this, calculating emittance with one’s thermal imager will help to ensure measurement accuracy.
A simple procedure for calculating emittance may be found in the Standard for Measuring and Compensating for Emittance Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers. To order a copy of this or other standards, call Infraspection Institute at 609-239-4788 or visit the Infraspection Online Store.
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January 17, 2022
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Careful Testimony at Your Fingertips
Tip provided by: Robert J. Incollingo
Attorney at Law
856-857-1500
www.rjilaw.com
When called on to answer a question under oath, put your left hand on your lap, fingertips to your pant leg and think about the tip of your thumb. Your thumb reminds you that you have a predicate question of your own to answer for yourself, before you can even begin to reply to the other person. Counting on your thumb reminds you to ask yourself first, “Did I hear the whole question?” There are lots of reasons why you might not hear a question; your mind wanders, someone in the room speaks or coughs on top of the question, you don’t hear so well, outside traffic noise spikes, a distractingly pretty girl wanders past, or the inquirer mumbles in a heavy accent while covering his mouth with his hand. Maybe you were thinking of your thumb. If you didn’t hear the whole question, you cannot answer but to reply, “I didn’t hear the question. Could you please repeat it?”
If you did hear the question, your index finger should twitch. Your index finger is trying to remind you to ask yourself, “Did I understand the question?” There are lots of reasons why you might not understand a question; you don’t know a word, a word you know is being used in an unknown context, the question assumes a fact which is not true or not in evidence (of the “when did you stop beating your wife” variety), or the question is a leading question that incorporates a statement which it asks you to admit or deny, and as phrased you can do neither (such as, “You were wearing pants this morning when you hit my client, weren’t you?”). Sometimes, the question isn’t even a question, but a form of copspeak, a statement coupled with a pregnant pause. (Here your lawyer should jump in and state loudly for your benefit, “Objection as to form. No question pending.”) We must also admit the possibility that you are a dullard, the question is beyond you, and this whole business of questions reminds you unpleasantly of school.
If you didn’t truly understand the whole question, you must sensibly ask the questioner, “I didn’t understand the question. Could you please rephrase it?” Be prepared to get another question in return, “What part didn’t you understand?” Look blank for a meaningful second, and reply, “I’m not sure. If you rephrase it maybe I can answer.”
If you heard and understood the question, your middle fingertip will press against your leg, insistent that you ask yourself, “Do I know the answer? If not, is it because I don’t know the answer, or because I forget the answer?” This distinction makes much more of a difference on the stand than in regular life. If you knew something but forgot it, your recollection can be refreshed and introduced into evidence. If you never knew it, your testimony is not competent on this point, and is thus worthless forever. Sorry.
Should you reply, “I don’t know,” expect the follow-up question, “Well, who would know?” Look blank, and start on your thumb again. If you know who would know, say so and stop talking. Otherwise, feel free to say you don’t know who would know. They can’t mess with you this way.
Should you reply, “I don’t remember,” expect the follow up question, “Can you think of any documents which would tend to refresh your recollection?” Look blank, and start on your thumb again. And so on.
If you know the answer, your ring finger will tap and twitch to tell you that you are in the greatest danger of all. The pressure of your ring fingertip against your leg reminds you that you must answer the question truthfully in a manner that is only apparently helpful, and then stop talking. Answer only the question asked, which you are now presumed to have heard and understood, and coming to the very first period at the end of the very first sentence of your answer, stop talking. Stop talking. STOP TALKING. Do not answer the question you believe should have been asked; do not tell the questioner what you think she needs to know; do not answer a question with a question; do not object, or protest to your lawyer or the judge, “Do I have to answer that?”; do not preface your answer with an aside such as, “Can we go off the record for a minute here?” Instead, respond only to the question asked, as briefly and as generally as you can get away with, without obstructing justice. Do not blather, do not be helpful to the questioner, do not be funny, do not let your temper run away with you, do not lie. Answer in as few words as possible and then, you guessed it, stop talking.
And your little finger? Well, your little finger goes, “wee, wee, wee” all the way home. We thought you knew that.
Robert J. Incollingo, Esquire
1010 Kings Highway South – Building One Floor 1
Cherry Hill, NJ 08034
856-857-1500
www.rjilaw.com
Bob Incollingo is an attorney in private practice in New Jersey and a regular speaker at Infraspection Institute’s annual IR/INFO Conference.
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January 24, 2022
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Frostbite & Hypothermia
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
“Jack Frost nipping at your nose.” These lyrics from a popular Christmas carol evoke romantic visions of winter; however, frostbite and hypothermia are dangerous medical conditions that can present serious safety hazards.
For many, the dead of winter is upon us. Thermographers working outdoors in cold climates can face serious safety challenges due to frostbite and hypothermia. Knowing the symptoms of these conditions and proper treatment is imperative for worker safety.
Frostbite is a severe reaction to cold exposure that can permanently damage its victims. A loss of feeling and a white or pale appearance in fingers, toes, or nose and ear lobes are symptoms of frostbite.
Hypothermia is a condition brought on when the body temperature drops to less than 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Symptoms of hypothermia include uncontrollable shivering, slow speech, memory lapses, frequent stumbling, drowsiness, and exhaustion.
If frostbite or hypothermia is suspected, begin warming the person slowly and seek immediate medical assistance. Warm the person’s trunk first. Use your own body heat to help. Arms and legs should be warmed last because stimulation of the limbs can drive cold blood toward the heart and lead to heart failure. If the person is wet, put them in dry clothing and wrap their entire body in a blanket.
Never give a frostbite or hypothermia victim beverages containing caffeine or alcohol. Caffeine, a stimulant, can cause the heart to beat faster and hasten the effects the cold has on the body. Alcohol, a depressant, can slow the heart and also hasten the ill effects of cold body temperatures.
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February 7, 2022
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Preventing Falls in Icy Weather
Tip provided by Conoco Phillips
Numerous injuries result from slips and falls on icy sidewalks, parking lots, roads and other outdoor locations every year. Snow removal, sanding and salting of these types of areas can help but, many times, total elimination of snow/ice hazards are impossible and other measures must be used to cope with these problems.
Focus on your walking path and pick steps that minimize or eliminate your exposure to icy slips. This is a time during which keeping your “eyes and mind on path” is more critical than ever.
Accept and anticipate the fact that you are at risk of falling at any given moment when walking on ice. Adjust your stride so your center of gravity is maintained as directly above your feet as possible by taking shorter steps than usual.
Don’t ignore the hazard presented by a slippery surface in your immediate path or work area. Take the time to spread sand, salt, or calcium chloride on icy areas and notify your Supervisor if further action is necessary. Keep in mind that salt (chloride) containing material is incompatible with stainless steel and is not to be used where contact can be made.
Footwear should have slip resistant soles. Avoid leather soled shoes. Equate this to driving a car with bald tires in the winter. You need something suitable to grip the surface you intend to walk on.
Wipe your feet off at the entrance of buildings so others won’t slip and fall on melted snow that has been tracked into the building.
Like the ice under your feet, beware of icicles over your head; they can be dangerous. Although you cannot stop them from forming, you can minimize their effects by controllably knocking them down.
Whether you’re dealing with an overhead or underfoot ice hazard, if you can’t control it, barricade or rope the area off.
When walking down stairs with or without an item in one hand, Safety In Motion has a technique that can reduce your chance of falling down the stairs. Grasp the handrail in the palm up position trailing behind you instead of your direction of travel. Your feet should be positioned at a slight angle toward that railing. Should you loose your balance, your grip on the handrail in this position will cause you to come to a stop against the handrail instead of falling down the stairs. Try the technique and become comfortable with it before you need it. Make protecting yourself a top priority!
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February 14, 2022
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Using a Blower Door During an IR Inspection
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Data obtained during infrared inspections can often be improved by incorporating other tools. When it comes to building inspections, a blower door can be useful in detecting air leakage sites and helping to gauge the airtightness of a building.
Air leakage is often a major source of energy loss in buildings. Although an infrared imager can help detect evidence of air leakage sites, it cannot pinpoint all air leakage sites nor can it quantify the amount of air leakage occurring. Many thermographers overcome these limitations by utilizing a blower door in conjunction with their infrared inspection.
A blower door consists of an instrumented, high volume fan that is temporarily placed in a doorway to create a positive or negative pressure within a building. In depressurized mode, the blower door simulates a wind blowing equally on all sides of the building. Conducting an infrared inspection with the building depressurized enables a thermographer to detect air leakage sites that would not be visible under natural conditions. With special software, it is possible to estimate the relative leakage of a structure as well as the total area of all leak sites.
A blower door can provide a thermographer with some advantages; however, there are challenges associated with their use. Using a blower door during an infrared inspection represents a “worst case” scenario and may not be indicative of natural conditions. This may invalidate thermal imagery that is destined for use in a legal case. Since blower doors can cause backdrafts from fireplaces, stoves, and heating equipment, they should be operated only by persons who are properly trained in their application and use.
Infrared inspection of building envelopes is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to register for a course, visit Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.
February 21, 2022
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IR Inspections of Single Phase Power Panels
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Determining exceptions in single phase power panels is often challenging due to the absence of appropriate reference components. In this Tip, we offer suggestions for properly inspecting these panels.
Infrared inspections of single phase circuits are often challenging due to the absence of similar components under similar load. Unlike polyphase panels, single phase power panels typically contain circuits of different sizes. Oftentimes, these circuits are under widely varying loads. Depending upon power usage, many circuits may be under zero load causing other circuits to appear quite ‘hot’ by comparison.
Overloads confirmed with ammeter.
Prior to performing an infrared inspection of single phase panels, make certain that the panel is under adequate load. When inspecting, keep the following in mind:
- Inspect panels in an orderly fashion working from line to load side for all circuits. When possible, compare similar components under similar load to each other.
- Inspect each overcurrent device for uneven heating between the line and load side connections. Check all connections within the panel to ensure that hot spots do not exist.
- Check warm conductors for load using a true RMS sensing ammeter. Don’t forget to include neutral conductors.
- Document all exceptions with a thermogram, control photo and all pertinent data including time, date, and load conditions.
- Be aware that some devices such as GFCI breakers may normally appear warm due to their construction and/or operation.
Lastly, be certain to observe all necessary safety practices when working on or near energized electrical equipment.
Infrared inspection of power distribution systems is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems & Rotating Equipment, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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February 28, 2022
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Temperature Measurement and Building Envelope Inspections
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Temperature measurement is recognized in many thermographic applications as a means for gauging the severity of exceptions. For infrared inspections of building envelopes, temperature measurement is frequently of little or no value and may serve to underestimate the severity of certain conditions.
Infrared inspections can be used to detect a wide variety of problems in building envelopes. These conditions include, but are not limited to: air leakage, missing or damaged insulation, latent moisture, and pest infestation. Since thermographic detection of these conditions is qualitative, temperature measurement is not required. In fact, there is no reliable means for correlating temperature with the severity of the aforementioned deficiencies. For conditions such as latent moisture, there is no acceptable temperature limit or differential.
Although temperature measurements are frequently meaningless for building envelope inspections, many thermographers routinely include them in their reports. Unfortunately, this practice can create unnecessary liability for a thermographer and damage his/her reputation if their work product is ever questioned or compared to published standards or accepted industry practice. Presently, published thermography standards and accepted industry practice do not incorporate temperature measurement into building envelope inspections.
When faced with situations where temperature measurement can be useful, thermographers should take steps to ensure the accuracy of their measurements. For non-contact temperature measurements, minimum considerations should include equipment calibration, spot measurement size, target emittance, as well as local weather and site conditions.
Infrared inspections of building envelopes is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information including course locations and dates, or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Building Envelopes, visit Infraspection Institute online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
IR Inspections to Detect In-floor Heating System Leaks
Hydronic in-floor heating systems are well known for the comfort they provide. Under the proper conditions, thermal imaging can be used to help find leaks that develop in these systems.
Hydronic in-floor heating systems are one option for providing heat to occupied spaces in homes and buildings. A type of radiant heating, hydronic in-floor systems are constructed with rigid or flexible tubing that carries hot water or other fluids below the surface of floors. The heat flowing through the tubing is conducted to flooring materials which radiate heat to occupied spaces above the floor.
In framed construction, radiant tubing may be suspended underneath subfloor materials. It may also be installed above the subfloor by embedding it within engineered plywood panels that have grooves to hold the tubing. Another popular construction detail involves embedding the tubing within concrete slab flooring.
Over time, hydronic systems can develop leaks. For framed construction or installations where tubing is embedded in plywood, finding a leak can be fairly straightforward. For systems embedded within a concrete slab, pinpointing the source of a leak can be nearly impossible.
By using a thermal imager while the system is under load, it is possible to detect thermal anomalies created by leaks from radiant tubing embedded in a concrete slab. Such thermal anomalies appear as amorphous hot spots which tend to flare around the regular straight lines created by the pathway of tubing that is not actively leaking.
To help ensure accurate results, it is best to begin with the heating system off and the slab at or below ambient temperature. A load should then be applied to the system by adjusting the building’s thermostat to call for heat. As the system begins to heat the floor, a thermal imager is then used to inspect the top surface of the floor in an organized fashion.
Depending upon one’s circumstances, it may take up to a half hour or more for thermal patterns to emerge and become clear. It is recommended that imaging begin shortly after the radiant system is activated and continue until clear thermal imagery is seen for all subject areas. Best results will be obtained when flooring is not covered with thick materials such as carpet or wood planks.
During imaging one may see slightly warmer areas where tubing is spaced close to adjacent tubes or has not been buried as deeply as other tubing. Areas exhibiting thermal anomalies should be invasively tested to confirm the presence of leaks.
Thermal imaging of radiant in-floor heating systems is an application that is covered in all Infraspection Institute Level I training courses. For course locations and dates or information on our Distance Learning program, visit our website or call us at 609-239-4788.
Do You Have the Correct Time?
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Most modern thermal imagers have the ability to record time and date along with thermal images. Taking a moment to ensure that the correct time and date are displayed on your imager before you begin your inspection can help to avoid wasted time and the collection of inaccurate data.
Having the correct time associated with your imagery is important for several reasons. With correctly dated imagery, it is possible to:
- Accurately document when the inspection was performed
- Easily store and uniquely reference image files
- Record the duration of a thermal event
It is always good practice to consciously check your imager’s clock each time you start your imager and make any necessary adjustments. Be certain to check your clock periodically during your inspection and whenever you restart your imager such as after a battery change or power interruption.
If your imager frequently displays incorrect time, it may be indicative of a defective or dead internal battery. To help avoid this problem, arrange for replacement of internal clock batteries whenever you have your imager serviced or repaired.
Infrared imager operation and use are two of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including our Distance Learning Courses, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
Preparing for IR Inspections of Electrical Systems
Perhaps the most common application for infrared thermography is PdM inspections of electrical distribution systems. However, in focusing on the inspection, many overlook the critical step of properly preparing for the inspection.
Proper planning prevents poor performance. For IR inspections of electrical distribution systems, this planning should begin well in advance of the inspection. The following are some of the not-so-obvious considerations that should be part of every inspection.
- Performance standard(s) or Guidelines to be followed
- Safety standards and rules applicable to the work areas
- Thermographer and qualified assistant(s) should be trained as qualified persons as defined by NFPA and OSHA standards
- Necessary Personal Protective Equipment including fire resistant clothing
- Provisions for First Aid and CPR
- Pre-job safety briefing prior to the commencement of the inspection
Lastly, infrared inspections should only be performed by experienced, certified infrared thermographers who thoroughly understand the theory and operation of electrical distribution systems. Properly planning for your next infrared inspection can provide for a safer and more efficient inspection.
For more information on thermographer training and certification, or to order a copy of the Guidelines for Infrared Inspections of Electrical and Mechanical Equipment, call us at 609-239-4788 or visit us online at: www.infraspection.com
Modifying a Surface for Infrared Temperature Measurement
Unknown emittance values are often the greatest error source when taking infrared temperature measurements. This error source can be eliminated by modifying a target with a material having a known E value.
Some of the modifying materials that thermographers commonly use include flat-finish spray paint, PVC electrical tape, masking tape, and spray deodorants containing powder.
Prior to modifying any surface:
- Make sure that it is safe to contact the subject equipment.
- Obtain permission to modify the surface from the end user.
- Ascertain that the selected modifying material will not melt, catch fire or emit toxic fumes when heated.
Once you have determined it is safe to modify a surface, proceed as follows:
1. Place radiometer at desired location and distance from target. Aim and focus.
2. Measure and compensate for Reflected Temperature.
3. Apply a surface modifying material having a known E value on target making certain that material is in full contact with target and there are no air pockets. Modifying material should be larger than radiometer’s spot measurement size for the chosen distance from the target.
4. Enter E value of modifying material into radiometer’s E setting.
5. Measure temperature of modifying material once it has reached thermal equilibrium with target.
6. For greater accuracy, repeat measurement three times and average the results.
Accurate temperature measurement is one of the many topics taught in all Infraspection Institute Level II training courses. For information on course locations and dates or our Distance Learning program, please call us at 609-239-4788 or visit us online at infraspection.com.
Spring is the Time for Infrared Roof Inspections
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
With the onset of warmer weather, the harshness of winter is but a fading memory for most. Left undetected, the damage caused by winter’s fury is a reality that can lead to premature roof failure. Fortunately, an infrared inspection of your roof can detect evidence of problems before they get out of hand.
Performed under the proper conditions with the right equipment, an infrared inspection can detect evidence of latent moisture within the roofing system often before leaks become evident in the building.
The best candidates for infrared inspection are flat or low slope roofs where the insulation is located between the roof deck and the membrane and is in direct contact with the underside of the membrane. Applicable constructions are roofs with either smooth or gravel-surfaced, built-up or single-ply membranes. If gravel is present, it should be less than ½” in diameter and less than 1” thick.
For smooth-surfaced roofs, a short wave (2-5.6 µ) imager will provide more accurate results especially if the roof is painted with a reflective coating. All infrared data should be verified by a qualified roofing professional via core sampling or invasive moisture meter readings.
Infrared inspection of flat roofs and proper equipment selection are two of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Insulated Roofs, visit Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.
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The 3 Most Important Questions
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Thermal anomalies are not always as obvious as one might expect. Often, subtle thermal differences can be indicative of major problems. Because infrared thermography is a visual inspection technique, its effectiveness relies on the observation skills of the thermographer. Like any visual inspection technique, a thermographer must actively concentrate on the imagery displayed by their thermal imager.
Contrary to popular belief, humans are not inherently effective observers. Because humans tend to be casual in their observations, they frequently overlook subtleties. Whenever imaging, a thermographer’s eyes should always visually scan the monitor left to right and up and down while asking him/herself the following three questions:
1. What am I seeing
2. Why am I seeing this
3. Is this normal/reportable
While this approach may sound cumbersome at first, this practice will soon become instinctive and can help prevent you from overlooking the subtle thermal patterns that can be indicative of serious problems.
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IR Inspections of Photovoltaic Systems
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
With interest in renewable energy at an all-time high, photovoltaic systems have become a common sight worldwide. Infrared inspections can be used for quality assurance inspections of new installations or to monitor the performance of existing ones.
Photovoltaics is a method of converting solar energy into electricity. A photovoltaic system uses an array of several solar panels each of which is comprised of several solar cells. When exposed to sunlight, the solar cells produce direct current electricity. This DC power can then be converted to AC power for local use or to supply a power grid.
Defective cells or wiring within solar panels can cause hotspots that compromise the power output of the panel. Such hotspots are readily detected with a thermal imager while the panel is exposed to sunlight. Performed from either the topside or underside of panels, infrared inspections provide the most cost effective method for detecting defects within installed panels.
Thermogram courtesy Testo India
When performing an infrared inspection of an installed PV system, keep the following in mind:
- Determine best vantage point for the IR inspection
- Inspections should be performed on a sunny day when winds are calm
- Qualitatively inspect panels looking for inexplicable hot or cold spots
- Be sure to include the electrical conductors and distribution equipment that connect solar panels to the electrical system
Lastly, make certain to observe all safety precautions during the infrared inspection especially when working from an aircraft or an elevated vantage point. Personnel should also take care to avoid electrical hazards when working near exposed, energized electrical conductors.
Infrared inspections of photovoltaic panels is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Installed Photovoltaic Systems, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
When Should You Upgrade Your Imager?
With any technology, change is inevitable. Advances in infrared imager technology now provide thermographers with new equipment choices on a semiannual basis. With more choices than ever, it is important for thermographers to be able to determine when they should upgrade their imager.
With the recent introduction of 640 x 480 pixel imagers, many have suggested that thermographers with older imaging systems will suffer a loss of business to those with newer equipment. While increased resolution may seem desirable, of greater importance is matching infrared equipment to the task at hand. For imaging large objects or imaging at close range, imagers with lesser resolution may be sufficient to the task.
In addition to improved image quality, there are technical and sound business reasons to consider an upgrade. These include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Increased portability, functionality, and/or ease of use
- Improved measurement accuracy
- Better availability of service, parts, and calibration
- New business opportunities afforded by new equipment
- Customer demand for new features and benefits
Depending upon the age of existing equipment, there may be financial advantages to upgrading or acquiring new equipment. Typically, a professional accountant can offer the best advice in this area.
Infrared equipment selection and operation are two of the many topics covered in all Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. Open enrollment classes are available at several locations each month and through our Distance Learning Program. For information on thermographer training including course locations and dates, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
Improving Accuracy of IR Temperature Measurements
As infrared technology has advanced, radiometers have become a common tool for many maintenance technicians and mechanics. Although radiometers are relatively easy to use, there are several important factors that influence the accuracy of a radiometer’s readings.
Infrared radiometers offer several advantages when it comes to temperature measurements. Measurements are non-contact, non-destructive and can be obtained quickly. Unfortunately, radiometers are not self-diagnostic and cannot warn the operator of erroneous readings. The following are some simple tips that can help to ensure accurate infrared temperature measurements.
- Target should be stationary and at a stable temperature with a dry surface
- Radiometer lens should be clean and free from obstructions
- Radiometer batteries should be fully charged
- IR temperature measurements should be made perpendicular to target
- IR radiometer should be operated at a distance to ensure that spot measurement size is smaller than the target
- Accurate emissivity and reflected temperature values should be input into the radiometer’s computer
Whenever possible, infrared readings should be correlated with known temperature values. If a discrepancy is observed, it could be due to a procedural error in measurement or the radiometer may require calibration.
For more information on infrared temperature measurement, or to obtain information on thermographer training and certification, contact Infraspection Institute at 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
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Applying Thermography
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Thermography is a versatile nondestructive test technique that has a wide variety of applications. In short, thermography can be applied to any situation where knowledge of heat patterns and associated temperatures across a surface will provide meaningful data about a system, object, or process.
In thermography, there are two basic approaches to evaluating data. Qualitative thermography or thermal imaging relies on observing thermal patterns and noting any inexplicable differences or anomalies. Quantitative thermography adds non-contact temperature measurements to thermal images.
Many systems produce heat as a byproduct of operation. Such systems include electrical distribution systems, machinery and insulated structures. These systems are generally inspected during normal operation once line-of-sight access is obtained.
Thermography can also be applied to systems that do not produce heat as a byproduct of operations by actively heating and/or cooling the target and observing the resulting images. Systems that are candidates for active thermography include building facades, low slope roofing systems, storage tanks and composite materials.
When heated or cooled properly, thermal patterns caused by changes in the thermal conductivity or capacitance of the subject system can provide evidence of internal structures, water infiltration, or contaminants. The use of active thermography is growing, especially for inspection of composite materials used in the aircraft, aerospace, and marine industries.
Both active and passive thermography are covered in depth in the Infraspection Insitute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information on our Level I open enrollment or our Distance Learning courses, please visit the Infraspection website.
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Aerial Lift Safety
Thermographers who inspect large structures or elevated components often utilize aerial lifts or platforms to gain line-of-sight access to the inspected object. This week’s Tip focuses on safe work practices for this unique job challenge.
Aerial lifts include boom-supported aerial platforms, such as cherry pickers or bucket trucks. The major causes of fatalities are falls, electrocutions, and collapses or tip over.
When utilizing an aerial lift, always observe the following safe work practices:
- Ensure that workers who operate aerial lifts are properly trained in the safe use of the equipment
- Maintain and operate elevating work platforms in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
- Never override hydraulic, mechanical, or electrical safety devices
- Never move the equipment with workers in an elevated platform unless this is permitted by the manufacturer
- Do not allow workers to position themselves between overhead hazards, such as joists and beams, and the rails of the basket. Movement of the lift could crush the worker(s)
- Maintain a minimum clearance of at least 10 feet, or 3 meters, away from the nearest overhead lines
- Use a body harness or restraining belt with a lanyard attached to the boom or basket to prevent the worker(s) from being ejected or pulled from the basket
- Set the brakes and use wheel chocks when on an incline. Use outriggers, if provided
Lastly, never exceed the load limits of lift equipment. Be certain to allow for the combined weight of the worker, tools, and materials. For more information on workplace safety standards and fall protection, visit www.osha.gov.
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Grilling Safety Tips
Tip provided by the National Fire Protection Association
With Summer upon us, many will return to outdoor cooking on a regular basis. In this Tip we offer important safety considerations for all outdoor chefs.
There’s nothing like outdoor grilling. It’s one of the most popular ways to cook food. But, a grill placed too close to anything that can burn is a fire hazard. They can be very hot, causing burn injuries. Follow these simple tips and you will be on the way to safe grilling.
- Propane and charcoal BBQ grills should only be used outdoors
- The grill should be placed well away from the home, deck railings and out from under eaves and overhanging branches
- Keep children and pets away from the grill area
- Keep your grill clean by removing grease or fat buildup from the grills and in trays below the grill
- Never leave your grill unattended
Charcoal grills
- There are several ways to get the charcoal ready to use. Charcoal chimney starters allow you to start the charcoal using newspaper as a fuel
- If you use a starter fluid, use only charcoal starter fluid. Never add charcoal fluid or any other flammable liquids to the fire
- Keep charcoal fluid out of the reach of children and away from heat sources
- There are also electric charcoal starters, which do not use fire. Be sure to use an extension cord for outdoor use
When you are finished grilling, let the coals completely cool before disposing of them in a metal container.
Propane grills
Check the gas tank hose for leaks before using it for the first time each year. Apply a light soap and water solution to the hose. A propane leak will release bubbles. If your grill has a gas leak, detectable by smell or the soapy bubble test, and there is no flame, turn off the gas tank and grill. If the leak stops, get the grill serviced by a professional before using it again. If the leak does not stop, call the fire department. If you smell gas while cooking, immediately get away from the grill and call the fire department. Do not move the grill.
If the flame goes out, turn the grill and gas off and wait at least 15 minutes before re-lighting it.
Download these NFPA safety tips on grilling
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Infrared Inspections of Dry-type Transformers
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
A thorough infrared inspection of an electrical transformer can point out symptoms of loose connections as well as other possible problems. When performing an infrared inspection of a dry-type transformer, be certain to include not only the primary and secondary connections but also the following items as well:
1) Inspect neutral and grounding connections for hot spots.
2) Compare phase coils to each other. Transformers with balanced loads will exhibit similar temperatures between windings.
3) Compare each phase coil to itself. Properly operating coils should exhibit no pronounced hot or cold spots.
4) Inspect voltage tap jumper connections. Both connections should be the same temperature. In most cases, the jumper will be colder than the windings.
5) Compare transformer operating temperature to nameplate rating. For long term service, transformers should not operate above their maximum rated temperature.
In conjunction with the infrared inspection, cooling fans should be checked for proper settings and operation.
Finally, transformers require proper air circulation for cooling. To help ensure maximum airflow, transformer ventilation openings should be unobstructed and free from dirt.
Infrared inspection of power distribution systems is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including course locations and dates, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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Temperature Limits for Drive Belts
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Temperature is frequently used to gauge the condition of motors and power transmission equipment. In this Tip, we discuss the effect of heat on flexible drive belts and temperature limits for them.
Drive belts are an integral component on many types of machines. Despite the critical role they play in machine operation, V type drive belts tend to be out-of-sight and out-of-mind until they fail. In most installations, belt temperature largely influences the life of installed V belts.
As a rule of thumb, properly applied and maintained belts should not exceed 140º F (60º C), assuming an ambient temperature of less than 110º F (43º C). It should be noted that belt life can be greatly reduced by higher operating temperature. In fact, for every 18 F (10 C) increase in belt temperature, belt life is cut in half.
There are many factors that contribute to high belt operating temperature including, but not limited to: ambient air temperature, machine design, installation, alignment, and belt tension. Overheating belts can be readily detected with an infrared imager. Once detected, overheating belts should be investigated for cause and proper corrective measures undertaken as soon as possible. Doing so can help prevent unscheduled downtime and may prolong belt life.
Temperature limits for mechanical equipment is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level II Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. Classes are held regularly throughout the year and are also available through our web-based Distance Learning Program. For more information, please call 609-239-4788 or visit www.infraspection.com.
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Wide Angle Lenses
Using a standard lens to perform infrared inspections at close distances can be particularly difficult. This situation is quite common when inspecting motor control centers and some types of mechanical equipment.
If you must image from a near distance, you may not be able to compare your target to an adjacent reference. For larger targets you may be able to image only a portion of the target.
Wide angle lenses increase an imagers visual field of view allowing a thermographer to image a wider target area without having to move farther from the target. Wide angle lenses are available for most imagers in multipliers of either 2x wide or 3x wide. Spot measurement size will increase proportionately to the width multiplier for the lens.
If you are taking temperatures, be sure that your wide angle lens has been calibrated for your imager.
Imager operation is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Level I training courses. For more information on our Distance Learning Program or our open enrollment classes, visit us online at infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
Measuring Motor Temperatures
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Temperature can be an indicator of the condition of installed electric motors; however, the best location for measuring temperature is often debated. In this Tip we discuss the best location for measuring motor temperatures.
Measuring motor temperature is often a challenge since electric motors differ widely in their design and construction. While many have suggested measuring the motor casing along the stator, this method does not work well for motors that are fan cooled or exposed to external air currents. For uncooled motors, this approach can produce varying temperature values depending upon the location of the subject temperature readings.
In 1997, a research project led by Infraspection Institute utilized instrumented motors in a controlled environment to determine the effect of excess force on installed motors. One of the primary goals of this research was to identify a location for collecting reliable temperature data.
From our research it was found that measuring the exterior of the motor bellhousing within 1” of the output driveshaft consistently produced temperatures that were within 1 to 2 C of the motor windings and the output side bearing assembly. Temperatures taken at the bellhousing were especially useful for fan cooled motors since this area was unaffected by convective cooling from the fan.
When measuring motor temperatures, keep the following in mind:
- Make certain that all thermometers are within calibration and used properly
- Motor temperature will vary with load and ambient temperature. Be certain to record both along with motor temperature
- Elevated temperatures can be caused by electrical or mechanical defects within the motor and/or defective installations
- Motors with elevated temperature should be further investigated for cause and repaired or replaced accordingly
Temperature limits and trending are two of the many topics covered in the Level II Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information on upcoming classes or to obtain a copy of our Cross Technologies Study, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
Why GFCI Devices Appear Warm
When performing an infrared inspection of an electrical panel you may notice that the phenolic bodies of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters appear warm. This same condition may also be observed on self-contained GFCI receptacles. This condition is usually due to the construction of the device itself.
In order to monitor the amount of current flowing through the supply and neutral conductors of a circuit, GFCI devices have small transformers built into them. These transformers can cause the body of the GFCI to run several degrees warmer than ambient temperature. Depending upon the settings of your thermal imager, these devices may show a marked contrast to their surroundings.
When inspecting GFCI devices, compare the thermal patterns of these devices to other similar devices under similar load. When inspecting GFCI breakers, be sure to inspect the load side connection at the GFCI device as well as the neutral bus bar connection for the subject breaker.
Infrared inspection of electrical distribution systems is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems & Rotating Equipment, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
Lightning Safety
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Lightning is one of the most spectacular natural phenomena. For thermographers who work outdoors, it can present a serious safety hazard. This week’s Tip discusses how you can protect yourself from this serious safety hazard.
Each year, lightning kills an average of 67 people in the United States; hundreds more are injured. Few people really understand the dangers of lightning. Many who fail to act promptly to protect their lives and property don’t understand the dangers associated with thunderstorms and lightning.
Thunderstorms are most likely to develop on warm summer days and go through various stages of growth, development, and dissipation. On a sunny day, as the sun heats the air, pockets of warm air start to rise in the atmosphere. When this air reaches a certain level in the atmosphere, cumulus clouds start to form. Continued heating can cause these clouds to grow vertically upward in the atmosphere into “towering cumulus” clouds. These towering cumulus clouds may be one of the first indications of a developing thunderstorm.
During a thunderstorm, each flash of cloud-to-ground lightning is a potential killer. The determining factor on whether a particular flash could be deadly depends on whether a person is in the path of the lightning discharge. In addition to the visible flash that travels through the air, the current associated with the lightning discharge travels along the ground. Although some victims are struck directly by the main lightning stroke, many victims are struck as the current moves in and along the ground.
Lightning can strike as far as 10 miles away from the rain area in a thunderstorm. That’s about the distance you can hear thunder. When a storm is 10 miles away, it may even be difficult to tell a storm is coming.
IF YOU CAN HEAR THUNDER, YOU ARE WITHIN STRIKING DISTANCE. SEEK SAFE SHELTER IMMEDIATELY!
The first stroke of lightning is just as deadly as the last. If the sky looks threatening, take shelter before hearing thunder. Once indoors, stay away from windows and doors and avoid contact with anything that conducts electricity. Wait at least 30 minutes after the last clap of thunder before leaving shelter.
For more info on lightning safety, visit: www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov
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Post Processing Thermal Images
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Post processing of thermal images is a common practice for many thermographers. While image processing may provide a measure of convenience for some, it can have significant drawbacks.
For many thermal imagers, infrared images can be stored in 12 bit format. Saving thermal images in 12 bit format allows thermal images to be recalled at any time and post processed for level, gain and color palette. For imaging radiometers, temperature measurement settings such as emittance may also be changed. Post processing may take place within the imager or through a separate personal computer using the manufacturer’s proprietary software.
Over time, many thermographers have adopted a policy of quickly recording imagery in the field and then returning to the comfort of their office to further process their imagery. Although post processing affords the thermographer a variety of options for image analysis, one should be aware that post processing can be time consuming. Spending as little as five minutes processing each image can result in a substantial increase in report preparation time.
In addition to wasted time, post processing may invalidate imagery as legal evidence. Not unlike digital photography, thermal images that have been post processed are creations and not originals. Should a thermographer’s report be introduced in a claim, a competent opponent will likely question if the imagery is original. In such situations, a thermographer must be able to affirm that his/her report does not contain processed imagery.
In light of the above, we recommend that thermographers store images exactly the way they will appear in their report and endeavor to avoid post processing altogether.
Image recording and reporting are two of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For information on thermographer training and certification, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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IR Inspections of Insulated Windows
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Infrared inspections of building envelopes can provide evidence of excess energy loss through walls, doors and roofs. Under the right conditions, thermal imagery can also provide evidence of excess energy loss through insulated window assemblies.
Insulated windows are a common feature found on modern commercial and residential structures. Unlike single pane windows, insulated windows are manufactured with an Insulating Glass Unit (IGU). An IGU typically consists of two or more layers (lites) of glazing separated by a spacer along the edge and sealed to create a hermetically sealed air space between the layers. IGUs are then encased within a sash or fixed frame in order to facilitate installation.
In order to increase the insulating performance of an IGU, the air space between the lites may be filled with air or inert gases like argon or krypton. Typically the spacer is filled with desiccant to prevent condensation. For some IGUs, most of the air is removed to further reduce convection and conduction through the finished IGU.
Over time, IGUs seals can fail causing inert gas to be lost and/or allowing humid air to enter the assembly. Unless condensation occurs between the lites, failed IGUs are difficult to detect; however, they may be readily detected using a thermal imager under the proper conditions.
Infrared inspection of insulated windows and building envelopes is one of many topics to be covered during Infraspection Institute’s annual technical conference, the 30th Annual IR/INFO being held January 20 – 23, 2019 in New Orleans, LA. For more information or to register, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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Heat Stress and the Human Body
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
For many, the peak of Summer brings high temperatures to the workplace. For others, high temperatures in the workplace are an everyday occurrence. Understanding heat stress and its associated safety challenges is crucial for those working in hot environments.
Heat stress is a physical hazard. It is caused by environmental conditions and results in the breakdown of the human thermal regulating system.
There are various degrees of heat stress. Each has its own unique symptoms. The most common form of heat stress is heat exhaustion. Symptoms of heat exhaustion include dizziness, confusion, headaches, upset stomach, weakness, decreased urine output, dark-colored urine, fainting, and skin that is pale and clammy.
If you think you are experiencing some form of heat stress, act immediately!
- Advise a co-worker that you do not feel well
- Move to an area away from the hot environment
- Seek shade and/or a cooler location
- Drink water (one 8-ounce cup every 15 minutes) unless sick to the stomach
- Have someone stay with you until you feel better
Before working in a hot environment. consider the type of work to be performed. duration of time to be spent in hot areas, level of physical activity, and other nearby hazards. Always use appropriate PPE and work together as a team.
Safety is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Level I training courses. For course locations and dates, or to learn more about our Distance Learning program, call us at 609-239-4788 or visit online at Infraspection.com.
Wind as an Error Source
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
As individuals, most of us can appreciate the cooling effects of a breeze on a hot summer day. As thermographers, wind represents a greater technical challenge in the form of a potential error source when measuring temperatures radiometrically.
As wind moves across the surface of an object, convective heat transfer occurs. In general, wind will either cool a warm target or warm a cool target. The rate of convective heat transfer will primarily depend upon: velocity of the wind, temperature differential between object and wind, and surface film coefficient of the object.
Wind can significantly alter the temperature of an object while the windy condition is present. Frequently, the effects of wind may remain for a significant period of time after the wind has stopped and the object has returned to its normal temperature.
Because radiometric equipment cannot compensate for the effects of wind on an object, it is best to avoid wind when measuring object temperatures. To eliminate wind as an error source:
- Wait until wind stops
- Temporarily shield target from wind
- Measure downwind side of target provided that object is sufficiently large
Always allow sufficient time for target to return to normal temperature once wind has been eliminated. If it is not possible to avoid wind, one should report wind velocity and direction when recording image data.
Lastly, thermographers should resist any temptation to apply ‘Wind Chill Charts’ to correcting for the effects of wind. Wind Chill charts have been designed to estimate the net effect of wind and ambient temperature on exposed human flesh and are not applicable to inanimate or industrial objects.
The impact of convection on non-contact temperature measurements is just one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Level II Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses . For more information on open enrollment classes or our Distance Learning opportunities, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
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A Crash Course on Drone Liability
Tip provided by:
Robert J. Incollingo
Attorney at Law
856-857-1500
www.rjilaw.com
The use of aerial drones in the commercial practice of infrared thermography to monitor, inspect, investigate and document property conditions has become a commonplace. Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles or unmanned aerial systems, are terrific tools whose utility really “takes off” when employed with a thermal imager. The two tools are dissimilar, however, in their respective measures of downside risk associated with ordinary use.
Unlike with infrared thermography, a strict regulatory environment overlays the ordinary operation of a drone. This is to be expected, since unlike thermal imagers whose function is nondestructive, and whose misuse may indirectly result in loss only after a report is delivered, drones can directly cause personal injury and property damage to airborne and ground assets and individuals through equipment malfunction and pilot error. When misused, innocently or otherwise, drones can invade privacy interests and draw down litigation upon the operator and his employer. Should regulatory rules be flouted, administrative fines can be steep, with suspension or revocation of the operator’s license a likely penalty.
Since drones have the potential to generate serious loss exposures, thermographers should review proposed drone operations with their commercial insurance brokers before taking to the sky. While endorsements may be obtained for commercial general liability insurance policies which in one measure or another shift the risk of suit by injured parties to the carrier, the better course is more often to purchase a standalone drone policy. In addition to insuring for third party liability, a drone insurance policy should provide coverage for damage to the drone itself – a type of property insurance called hull coverage. Hull coverage can be expanded to insure against damage to payloads such as thermal imagers, and to ground support equipment used to service the aircraft between flights.
So, while drone flight increases operational risk in the conduct of infrared thermography, that risk can be intelligently managed, minimized, absorbed and/or shifted through the purchase of insurance to reduce exposure to loss.
Robert J. Incollingo, Esquire
401 Kings Highway South – Suite 3B
Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08034
856-857-1500
www.rjilaw.com
New Jersey construction attorney Bob Incollingo is certified as a Construction Risk and Insurance Specialist (CRIS) through the International Risk Management Institute, Inc., and litigates risk management and insurance issues. He is the world’s foremost authority in thermography law and a regular speaker at the annual IR/INFO Conference.
IR Inspections of Electrical Bus Ducts
Electrical bus ducts are a common feature found in many commercial and industrial electrical systems. When used to supplement regular PM, infrared inspections can help to detect loose or deteriorated connections that can lead to costly catastrophic failures.
Electrical bus ducts are used to distribute low voltage power throughout many industrial facilities. Modern bus ducts are unitized structures that contain insulated conductors within a steel casing. Individual sections of bus duct, each typically 10 feet long, are joined with bolted connections at the end of each bus section. Published industry standards recommend that bus duct connections be manually tightened every six months.
Even with regular tightening of bus duct connections, loose/deteriorated connections are difficult to detect. With the bus duct under load, a thermal imager can readily detect the temperature differentials associated with loose connections. Properly functioning bus ducts should exhibit no temperature differential in the vicinity of bolted connections. Because bus duct conductors are hidden from direct line of sight, any inexplicable temperature differentials should be investigated and corrected immediately. Disconnect switches and cable connections should be checked for thermal anomalies as well.
To ensure complete coverage, bus duct should be inspected from both sides of the duct along its entire length. Termination cabinets should also be inspected once the covers have been removed. Annual or semi annual infrared inspections performed by certified, experienced thermographers should be used to supplement regular bus duct maintenance.
Infrared inspection of bus ducts and electrical distribution systems are two of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems & Rotating Equipment, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
Negative Findings Versus No Problems
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
When documenting an infrared inspection with no detectable exceptions, thermographers should be aware that there is a big difference between reporting “no problems” versus “negative findings”.
Infrared inspections may be performed for a wide variety of reasons including condition assessment, quality assurance and predictive maintenance. In its simplest form, thermography detects, displays and records thermal images and temperatures across the surface of an object. In many cases, thermal anomalies are indicative of deficiencies, changes, or undesirable conditions within the object or system being inspected. Typically, such conditions are reported with a thermal image and a description of the anomaly.
Upon completing infrared inspections during which no anomalies are detected, thermographers will frequently report that the subject system has “no problems”. From a liability standpoint, this can increase a thermographer’s risk since there may exist problems that are simply not detectable by thermography. Most importantly, a proclamation of “no problems” may leave an end user with a false sense of security regarding the condition or integrity of the subject system.
Since it is not possible for thermography to detect all potential problems within a given system or object, it is advisable for a thermographer to report “negative findings” when no anomalies are detected. This statement is direct, to the point, and in accordance with terminology utilized in other types of scientific testing.
Although the difference between “no problems” and “negative findings” may seem small, the proper use of terminology can help to prevent costly and embarrassing misunderstandings.
Generating standards-compliant reports is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Level I training courses. For more information on thermographer training, visit Infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
Is Distance Learning Right For You?
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Advancements in technology have reshaped traditional approaches to education. Students are now able to study a wide variety of subjects, including thermography, from virtually anywhere in the world.
Distance learning may be defined as any situation where the student and the instructor are in physically separate locations. Distance instruction may be live or pre-recorded and can be delivered via video presentations, remote teleconferencing, and web-based presentations.
Distance learning provides several advantages over the traditional classroom setting. Chief among these are the elimination of travel costs, 24 hour availability, and increased convenience in scheduling. The availability of Distance Learning courses for thermography is particularly beneficial to thermographers with hectic schedules.
When selecting Distance Learning courses for thermography, be sure to determine the following:
- How and when is course delivered
- Length of course and curriculum
- What standards does course curriculum conform to
- Are experienced instructors available to answer questions
- Does course qualify toward thermographer certification
- Experience of training firm in providing thermographic instruction
Infraspection Institute offers a wide variety of Distance Learning courses for thermography. Courses include: Certification Prep, Applications and Industry-Specific Courses. All courses are ASNT compliant and are taught by Level III Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographers® each having over 30 years experience. For more information on Infraspection’s Distance Learning Courses, call us at 609-239-4788 or visit the Infraspection website.
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September 5, 2022
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School’s Open – Drive Carefully
Tip Provided by American Automobile Association
By early September, over 55 million children across the United States will head back to school. With 13 percent of those children typically walking or biking to their classes, drivers should be especially vigilant for pedestrians before and after school hours. The afternoon hours are particularly dangerous – over the last decade, nearly one in four child pedestrian fatalities occurred between 3 p.m. and 7 p.m.
Launched in 1946, the American Automobile Association’s School’s Open – Drive Carefully awareness campaign was created as a way to help reduce child pedestrian fatalities and injuries. Here are several recommendations from AAA regarding ways drivers can help to keep kids safe:
- Slow down – Speed limits in school zones are reduced for a reason. A pedestrian struck by a vehicle traveling at 25 mph is nearly two-thirds less likely to be killed compared to a pedestrian struck by a vehicle traveling just 10 mph faster.
- Come to a complete stop – Research shows that more than one-third of drivers roll through stop signs in school zones or neighborhoods. Always come to a complete stop, checking carefully for children on sidewalks and in crosswalks before proceeding.
- Eliminate distractions – Research shows that taking your eyes off the road for just two seconds doubles your chances of crashing. Children can be quick, crossing the road unexpectedly or emerging suddenly between two parked cars. Reduce risk by not using your cell phone or eating while driving.
- Watch for bicycles – Children on bikes are often inexperienced, unsteady, and unpredictable. Slow down and allow at least three feet of passing distance between your vehicle and a bicyclist.
Lastly, always maintain a safe distance from a stopped school bus. Be on the lookout for children boarding or exiting school buses.
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September 12, 2022
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Determining Maximum Operating Temperature for Motors
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Operating temperature can have a significant impact on the service life of operating electric motors. Accurately determining maximum operating temperature for motors is critical for setting temperature limits.
One of the specifications for electric motors is maximum operating temperature. This temperature value is determined by several factors including, but not limited to, the motor’s insulation class. Exceeding the maximum temperature for a motor will shorten the life of the motor’s dielectric materials and will result in decreased service life for the motor.
In order to calculate a motor’s maximum rated temperature, one must know the motor’s ambient temperature rating and its rated temperature rise above ambient. Both of these values are generally found on the motor nameplate located on the exterior of the motor casing.
To calculate a motor’s maximum operating temperature, add the ambient and rated rise temperatures. Their sum is the maximum operating temperature for the subject motor at 100% load.
Example:
- Rated Ambient: 40 C
- Rated Rise: 90 C
- 40 + 90 = 130 C or 266 F
It is important to note that some motors specify insulation class rather than a numeric value for temperature rise. In such cases, it is necessary to know the operating limits for the insulation class of the subject motor.
The Infraspection Institute Standard for Infrared Inspections of Electrical Systems & Rotating Equipment provides temperature limits for several common insulation classes of AC and DC motors. In addition to providing inspection procedures, it also provides temperature limit data for lubricants, bearings and seals. To order a copy of the Standard, call 609-239-4788 or visit the Infraspection online store.
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September 19, 2022
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Temperature Differentials for Infrared Building Inspections – Part 1
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
A common question among thermographers is, “How much temperature differential is needed to obtain good data?” In this two-part Tip, we discuss required temperature differentials for infrared inspections of buildings.
Proper conduct of any infrared inspection requires that a detectable temperature differential or Delta T is associated with the sought-after defect at the time of inspection. For infrared inspections of buildings and their subsystems, the appropriate time for an infrared inspection will depend upon, but not be limited to: the type of condition or defect, time of day, local atmospheric conditions, and imaging vantage point.
For building energy loss inspections, published standards require an inside/outside temperature differential of 10 C or 18 F degrees for at least 3 hours prior to the inspection. Such a differential will help to ensure that there is adequate heat flow through structural components necessary for an accurate inspection. While it is possible to conduct energy loss inspections with a lesser inside/outside temperature differential, the likelihood of missing defects increases with a decrease in Delta T.
IR inspections to detect building energy loss may be conducted from either the interior or exterior of a building; however, imaging from the interior is often more comprehensive and useful than macro shots taken exclusively from the exterior. Regardless of vantage point, one must make certain to account for the effects of solar loading, especially when imaging during daytime hours. Thermal patterns associated with missing or damaged insulation may appear warm or cool depending upon vantage point and site conditions.
In addition to the above, detecting latent moisture within or evaporating from building materials assumes a relatively high target emittance. Low emittance surfaces associated with metal building facades or roofs coated with aluminum paint may not lend themselves to an accurate infrared inspection.
Lastly, all infrared data should be verified by independent means, as appropriate. This testing may include visual and/or invasive moisture meter readings.
Infrared inspection of buildings is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to register for a course, visit Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.
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September 26, 2022
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Temperature Differentials for Infrared Building Inspections – Part 2
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
A common question among thermographers is, “How much temperature differential is needed to obtain good data?” In this two-part Tip, we discuss required temperature differentials for infrared inspections of buildings.
Proper conduct of any infrared inspection requires that a detectable temperature differential or Delta T is associated with the sought-after defect at the time of inspection. For infrared inspections of buildings and their subsystems, the appropriate time for an infrared inspection will depend upon, but not be limited to: the type of condition or defect, time of day, local atmospheric conditions, and imaging vantage point.
For detecting latent moisture within EIFS structures or insulated roofs, an inside/outside temperature differential is not necessary. For these applications, the IR inspection is traditionally conducted from outdoors during evening hours following a sunny day. Areas of latent moisture will typically show as warm areas since water will store and retain more solar energy than areas containing dry insulation.
For damage investigations, directly imaging wet building materials will usually result in well-defined amorphously shaped patterns. This application does not require an inside/outside temperature differential or solar loading. Rather, thermal patterns associated with moisture can be readily detected provided that water is evaporating at the time of inspection. For drywall, water may evaporate into the living space or into cavities behind the affected drywall. In most cases, water evaporating from a material will cause wet areas to appear cool.
In addition to the above, detecting latent moisture within or evaporating from building materials assumes a relatively high target emittance. Low emittance surfaces associated with metal building facades or roofs coated with aluminum paint may not lend themselves to an accurate infrared inspection.
Lastly, all infrared data should be verified by independent means, as appropriate. This testing may include visual and/or invasive moisture meter readings.
Infrared inspection of buildings is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to register for a course, visit Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.
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Training – A Wise Use of Year End Budget Money
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
When it comes to spending year end budget monies, the phrase “Use it or Lose it” often applies. Training can be a wise choice for those looking to reduce a budget surplus.
Staying within budget is a constant challenge for maintenance managers. For many, it seems that there is never enough money in the budget. On occasion, however, it is possible to experience a surplus in one’s budget when nearing year end.
When faced with a budget surplus, it is imperative to fully utilize allocated financial resources. Failure to do so can cause a reduction in future budgeting if management perceives that your department is over funded. When searching for wise choices for year-end spending, training is always a good option.
Thermographic training is a sound investment for initiating a PdM program or expanding an existing one. Whenever considering infrared training be certain to:
- Examine course curriculum to ensure that it meets your needs
- Ensure that course will be germane to all infrared imagers
- Determine course locations or availability of Distance Learning courses
- Ascertain if certification is included with course, its expiration date, and renewal fees
- Insist that instructors be practicing thermographers with documented field experience in their area of instruction
Infraspection Institute has been providing infrared training and certification for infrared thermographers since 1980. Our Level I, II, and III Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses meet the training requirements for NDT personnel in accordance with the ASNT document, SNT-TC-1A. Certification and applications courses are offered as open enrollment or on-site classes or through our Distance Learning program. All courses are taught by expert Level III thermographers whose field experience is unsurpassed anywhere in the world. For more information call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
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October 10, 2022
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Infrared Equipment – New or Used?
Purchasing a pre-owned thermal imager can result in significant savings over the cost of a new unit. Prices for new thermal imagers can range from under $1000 to tens of thousands depending upon features and capabilities.
With the recent introduction of several new models of thermal imagers, there are several used pieces of equipment available from private sellers and manufacturers who have taken used equipment as trade-ins. Buying an imager from a private seller can be risky as no warranty is offered and you may not know how the equipment has been handled.
Purchasers of used equipment should be aware that there are no third party repair facilities for any infrared test equipment. Consequently, all equipment must be serviced by the company that manufactured the subject equipment. Furthermore, some thermal imagers are no longer being supported or serviced by the companies who manufactured them. Purchasing used equipment from a manufacturer is generally less risky as many manufacturers do offer limited warranties and service for used equipment that they sell. Significant savings can often be realized by purchasing sales demo units that usually become available once a manufacturer introduces a new model imager.
In order to avoid a costly error, buyers should complete a formal thermography training course BEFORE they buy any equipment. Doing so will enable one to better acquaint himself with the different types of cameras available, the applications and limitations of same, and how to accurately use this equipment in the field. Lastly, the greatest limiting factor in an infrared inspection is the equipment operator. Relying on data obtained by untrained persons can have disastrous consequences. To this end, a trained and certified operator of infrared equipment is of paramount importance for accurate data collection and interpretation.
Imager selection and operation are two of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Level I training courses. For more information on our Distance Learning Program or our open enrollment classes visit us online at infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
October 17, 2022
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Alternatives to Thermal Images
Using thermograms to document exceptions is a time-tested common practice in thermography. At times, this practice can be cumbersome and confusing, especially with large structures.
Simply defined, thermograms are two-dimensional hardcopy images that represent the thermal patterns across the surface of an object. For years, thermographers have utilized film or paper to produce records of the imagery provided by their thermal imager. Traditionally, thermograms work well for small objects or for exceptions that are small in size.
Documenting thermal patterns on large structures such as multi-story buildings or flat roofs can prove to be a challenge. This challenge may be further compounded when observed exceptions are large in size. A simple solution to these challenges is to utilize architectural drawings, elevations, or schematics in place of, or in addition to, hardcopy thermograms. When utilizing drawings to document your infrared inspection, keep the following in mind:
- Prior to the infrared inspection, obtain drawings with sufficient detail
- Verify accuracy of drawings with the subject structure
- Be certain to verify site orientation with compass orientation
- During the inspection, mark the size and location of exceptions directly on drawings along with thermogram numbers, where appropriate
Whenever possible, obtain extra sets of drawings to be used as file copies or for field use. When utilized properly, drawings can serve as valuable reference tools enabling one to see “the big picture” that is often not possible with several small thermograms alone.
Infrared inspections of large structures is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information on class locations or our Distance Learning program, visit www.infraspection.com or call 609-239-4788.
October 24, 2022
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Infrared Inspections of Spandrel Glass Panels
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Thermal imaging is widely used to detect evidence of excess energy loss in building envelopes. Under proper conditions thermal imaging may be used to detect excess energy loss through spandrel glass panels.
Glass curtain walls are a common feature found on modern commercial buildings. Opaque glass panels called spandrels are used to cover materials or prevent construction elements from being viewed from the exterior of the building. Examples of such areas include areas between floors, hung ceiling areas, knee-wall areas below vision lights, and sometimes even columns or partitions.
Depending upon building construction, spandrel glass may be installed as single-thickness panes, as part of insulating glass units, or as laminated glass. When installed as single pane units, spandrel panels are often insulated to prevent excess energy loss; however, construction details will vary between systems.
When performing an infrared inspection of spandrel glass panels, keep the following in mind:
- Prior to the infrared inspection, ascertain building usage and construction. Be aware of HVAC settings and how they are likely to affect observed imagery.
- Spandrel glass panels can vary widely. Determine panel construction and characteristics prior to the inspection.
- When imaging from a building’s exterior, significant errors can be introduced by hot/cold reflections from nearby structures or the sky.
- Because spandrel glass often has a low emittance; detected exceptions are likely to have low temperature differentials.
Infrared inspections of spandrel glass should be performed during evening hours with an inside/outside temperature differential of at least 10ºC. Exceptions associated with spandrel glass may appear as hot or cold depending upon building usage, imaging vantage point, and panel construction. As always, detected exceptions should be investigated for cause and appropriate corrective measures taken.
Infrared inspection of building envelopes is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information or to obtain a copy of the Standard for Infrared Inspection of Building Envelopes, visit us online at Infraspection Institute or call us at 609-239-4788.
~ Tip suggested by Kevin Richardson
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October 31, 2022
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Infrared Inspections of Lightning Arrestors
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Infrared thermography is a proven technology for detecting defects in electrical circuits that are under load. Thermal imaging can also be used to detect defective lightning arrestors that are leaking current to ground.
Lightning arrestors are a common feature in electrical distribution systems and are used to guard against voltage surges associated with lightning strikes on power or communications lines. Installed at strategic locations, lightning arrestors act like safety valves to provide a short circuit path that carries excess voltage to ground during a lightning strike.
Lightning arrestors are connected between a conductor and ground. In order to prevent a ground fault, lightning arrestors are engineered so that normal line voltage will not pass through the arrestor under normal conditions. While some lightning arrestors employ a simple spark gap, others consist of porcelain tubes that are filled with semi-conductive discs made of silicon carbide or zinc oxide. During a lightning strike, the resistance of the spark gap or oxide plates is overcome and excess energy flows to ground.
If a lightning strike is sufficiently strong, lightning arrestors may be permanently damaged and begin to conduct electricity to ground full time. When this happens, the body of the arrestors will heat up allowing them to be detected with a thermal imager. The images below show two examples of defective arrestors.
~ Images courtesy Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services
Infrared inspections of lightning arrestors are primarily qualitative in nature. As such, thermographers should compare similar arrestors to one another and note any that are inexplicably warm.
Properly functioning lightning arrestors should be uniform in temperature and close to ambient air temperature if they have not undergone recent solar loading. Individual arrestors should not have any pronounced hot spots across them. Working early in the morning, on cloudy days or at night will help to eliminate solar loading which can hide defective arrestors. When performing your inspection, don’t forget to check grounding connections for hot spots as well.
Infrared inspection of power distribution systems is one of the many topics covered in the Level I Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For information on thermographer training including course locations and dates, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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November 7, 2022
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Begin With the End in Mind
“Begin with the end in mind” is a frequent quotation from Stephen Covey’s best selling book, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Applying this principle can have a dramatic impact on many things including an infrared inspection program.
Prior to undertaking any task or project, it is important to have a clear understanding of what the final outcome should be. With this vision in mind, one is able to gauge the effectiveness of their efforts in achieving goals. By beginning with the end in mind, one knows what the goals are and can help chart a course of action that leads directly to these goals.
Building an infrared inspection program is like a construction project. You need to have a clear understanding of what you desire when construction is completed. When starting an infrared inspection program, decide what you want from your program. This is best done by asking yourself the following questions:
- What is the role of thermography – PPM, PdM, QA, or Condition Assessment?
- Which systems/equipment do I want to inspect?
- How will thermography improve operations – decrease unscheduled downtime, improve product quality, and reduce production losses?
- What data are available for measuring the program’s effectiveness?
Once these questions have been answered, one can begin to set up an infrared inspection program with necessary equipment, staff, and support personnel. By beginning with the end in mind, an infrared inspection program is more likely to succeed by providing value and producing measureable results.
Designing an effective infrared inspection program is one of the many topics covered in the Infraspection Institute Level III Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For more information including course locations and dates, visit Infraspection Institute online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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November 14, 2022
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Using a First Surface Mirror
Proper conduct of an infrared inspection requires line of sight access to the object(s) being inspected. A first surface mirror can often be utilized to inspect components that may be obstructed or obscured.
A first surface mirror is a special optical mirror that has a highly reflective coating adhered to the front of the mirror substrate. For infrared inspections, first surface mirrors can be temporarily utilized as reflectors to inspect areas that are inaccessible or unsafe for a thermographer to enter.
When using a first surface mirror with your infrared imager, keep the following in mind:
- Select a mirror of sufficient size for the selected imager and target
- Inspect mirror prior to use for cleanliness and condition
- Place the mirror in the optical path between the imager and object being inspected
- Position the mirror so that the reflective side of the mirror faces the imager
- Inspect object by imaging mirror surface
First surface mirrors are commercially available from a number of scientific suppliers that deal with optics and lasers. When using a first surface mirror, be certain to follow necessary safety precautions, especially when working near energized electrical components.
The use of first surface mirrors and proper inspection techniques are two of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For more information on open enrollment classes or our Distance Learning courses, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at infraspection.com.
November 21, 2022
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Thanksgiving Safety Tip
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
When it comes to heat transfer and safety, thermographers traditionally think of the workplace. With the Thanksgiving holiday upon us, neither of these topics should be overlooked when it comes to preparing the holiday feast.
According to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 76 million Americans become ill each year as a result of foodborne pathogens. Of these, approximately 5,000 die. Proper hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the risk of food poisoning.
As part of their nationwide Be Food Safe public education campaign, the US Department of Agriculture offers four simple tips for safe food preparation:
Clean – Wash hands, surfaces and utensils often to avoid spreading bacteria when preparing food.
Separate – Use different cutting boards for raw meat, poultry, seafood and vegetables. Keep raw turkey away from vegetables and side dishes that won’t be cooked.
Cook – You can’t tell it’s done by how it looks! Use a food thermometer. Every part of the turkey should reach a minimum internal temperature of 165ºF.
Chill – Keep the refrigerator at 40ºF or below to keep bacteria from growing. Pumpkin pie should always be refrigerated and all food should be refrigerated within two hours.
If deep fried turkey is your preference, be sure to observe all safety precautions and never leave your fryer unattended. For more information on food safety, visit the US Department of Agriculture website.
From all of us at Infraspection Institute, Happy Thanksgiving to all of our readers and friends! May you enjoy a safe and happy holiday in the company of those you love.
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November 28, 2022
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Training and Equipment: Which First?
We’ve all heard the phrase, “Put the horse before the cart.” When it comes to thermography, many people put the cart in front of the proverbial horse by buying infrared equipment before obtaining proper training.
Purchasing the correct imager is a challenge for many reasons: initial purchase price can be costly, no imager is capable of performing all applications, imager performance varies widely, and available specifications are frequently exaggerated.
Further compounding this challenge is that many manufacturers offer “free training courses” as sales incentives to purchasers of new equipment. Frequently these free courses are taught by inexperienced/unqualified instructors, are introductory in nature, and are designed as operator courses for the subject equipment omitting important theory or applications. Because these courses are taught after equipment is delivered, inexperienced purchasers lack the knowledge required to make an informed decision when selecting new equipment.
In order to properly select and specify infrared equipment, buyers should put the horse before the cart by receiving quality certification training from an independent institute prior to equipment purchase. For new users, training should include infrared theory and heat transfer concepts, equipment selection and operation, image capture and analysis, standards compliance, applications-specific inspection techniques, documentation of findings, and temperature measurement techniques.
Infraspection Institute offers Level I, II, and III training and certification for thermographers worldwide. Our cutting-edge infrared training courses are taught by highly-experienced thermographers in a friendly, relaxed atmosphere without marketing hype. For more information call 609-239-4788 or visit us at www.infraspection.com.
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December 5, 2022
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Using an IR Imager to Monitor Drywall Installation
Finishing drywall is a routine part of commercial and residential construction. A thermal imager can be useful in helping to assess the drying process associated with newly-installed compound.
Drywall compound is a white powder consisting of gypsum dust mixed with water to form a mud with a consistency similar to cake frosting. Drywall compound is used with paper or fiber joint tape to seal joints between individual sheets of drywall and to cover fasteners in order to create a seamless finish on interior walls.
Drywall finishing often requires multiple coats of compound which are applied over several days to provide the desired surface quality. For best results, previously applied layers of compound should be thoroughly dry before successive coats are applied. Water evaporating from freshly applied compound causes pronounced cooling which can be readily detected with a thermal imager.
When using a thermal imager to inspect drywall compound, keep the following in mind:
- Choose an imager with sufficient thermal sensitivity and resolution
- Ensure that humidity and temperature levels are conducive to drying
- Always manually adjust imager’s level and gain controls for best thermal contrast
Lastly, missing or damaged insulation may create thermal anomalies across inspected walls; however, such thermal patterns will often be much larger than compounded areas.
Thermal imaging of buildings is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Level I training courses. For course locations and dates, or to learn more about our Distance Learning program, call us at 609-239-4788 or visit online at Infraspection.com
December 12, 2022
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Detecting Underground Pipe Leaks
Leaks are a common problem with underground piping systems. Under the correct conditions, infrared thermography can help to detect evidence of leaks from buried piping systems that carry hot or cold product.
When a leak develops in a buried piping system, fluid is lost to the surrounding earth. If a leak from a heated or cooled piping system is sufficiently large, a temperature change will occur at the surface of the ground in the vicinity of the pipe leak.
~ Images courtesy Wayne Swirnow
Leaks from buried piping are generally characterized by amorphously shaped thermal anomalies that appear along the pathway of the subject piping system. The ability to detect a pipe leak will be influenced by several interdependent factors including, but not limited to: pipe operating temperature, pipe system construction, burial depth, amount of loss, soil type and moisture content, and ground cover.
Infrared inspections of buried piping systems are best performed late at night with calm wind conditions. Inspections may be performed on foot, from a motor vehicle or from an aircraft. Performing the inspection late at night will eliminate the effects of solar loading and solar reflection.
During the inspection, the thermal imager is maneuvered over the pathway of the pipeline. Well-defined straight lines that correspond to the location of the buried lines generally indicate a healthy piping system. Amorphously shaped thermal anomalies that cannot be explained in terms of piping system construction or features may be indicative of pipe leaks and should be marked and subsequently investigated for cause.
Infrared inspection of underground piping systems is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Level I training courses. For class locations and dates or information on our convenient, Distance Learning courses, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
December 19, 2022
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Holiday Wishes
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
It is hard to believe that another year has passed and the holiday season is once again upon us. With this Tip, we invite our readers to share a favorite memory as we celebrate the season.
This month marks the 57th anniversary of one of our all-time favorite programs, ‘A Charlie Brown Christmas’. As a child growing up in the 1960’s, the annual airing of this program was proof that Christmas was just around the corner.
With no reruns on broadcast television, we, like many of our childhood friends, would plan our entire week around watching this special program each year. With a cool soundtrack, the program brought our favorite Peanuts characters to life as Charlie Brown strove to discover the meaning of Christmas. To this day, Linus VanPelt’s simple monologue is one of our favorite holiday memories.
With the holidays and busy year-end schedules upon us once again, we invite you to take the time to make special memories with family and friends and to keep them in your heart where you may easily find them in the future.
As we enjoy this holiday season, we extend a heartfelt Thank You to all of our readers, friends, and associates throughout the world for everything that you do for us all year long.
May your holidays be filled with peace and joy and your New Year with good health and happiness
~ Jim Seffrin & the Staff of Infraspection Institute
Linus’ Monologue
Charlie Brown: Isn’t there anyone who knows what Christmas is all about?
Linus: Sure, Charlie Brown. I can tell you what Christmas is all about. Lights, please.
And there were in the same country, shepherds, abiding in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night and lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them. And the glory of the Lord shone ‘round about them and they were so afraid. And the angel said unto them, “Fear not. For behold, I bring you tidings of great joy which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David, a savior, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you, ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes lying in a manger.”
And suddenly there was with the angel, a multitude of the heavenly hosts praising God and saying, “Glory to God in the highest and on Earth, Peace and Goodwill toward men.”
That’s what Christmas is all about Charlie Brown.
Excerpted from ‘A Charlie Brown Christmas’ by Charles Schulz
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December 26, 2022
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Cold Weather Clothing
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Cold weather clothing is a matter of functionality not fashion. Clothing needs to be worn in layers in order to trap air which is warmed by the body. When selecting clothing, start with the innermost layer and work outward. The use of multiple layers will trap warm air while providing greater ease of movement. As you add layers, be sure to adjust the next layer’s size accordingly.
The first layer should be made of a synthetic material that will wick perspiration away from the body and maintain its insulating properties when damp. The second layer is your main insulator and should be a breathable material that maintains its insulating properties when wet. Synthetic fleeces or natural wool are good choices. The outermost layer should be breathable and both wind and water resistant.
Head and neck protection is a must since nearly 40% of body heat is lost here. Perspiration is the main enemy of feet. The best footwear will have sturdy outers, good treads and a removable felt liner. Buy extra liners and replace them every few hours. Liners can take a full day to fully dry out so buy enough to get through a typical workday.
Mittens are the warmest but present problems in grasping tools, etc. I have found that a heavy duty welder’s glove with cotton or wool gloves lining them provide good warmth and mobility. Buy enough liners to get you through the day. One final note, the body needs fuel to produce heat. Your calorie needs increase in cold weather and require regular replenishment with good wholesome foods.
